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131 Arnhem

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

131

Arnold of Citeaux

Van der Aa, Aardrylcskundig Woordenhoek ; Koenen, Geschiedenis der Joderi in Nederland. For its later history, Waterman's Oration, to have been delivered at the dedication ol the New Synagogue, Arnhem, 1853, but printed and circulated only— now very rare— is valuable.

After the time of the French consistorial division of the country, Nymegen was the seat of the rabbinate But on the death of for the province of Gelderland. Jacob Lehmans, in 1881, the seat was transferred to Arnhem and on June 26 of the same year Tobias Tal,

G.

J.

Vr.



a graduate of the

was

Amsterdam

elected chief rabbi.

called to

The Hague

He remained

in 1895



ARNOLD:

rabbinical seminary,

and

until

he was

his brother-in-law,

Louis Wagenaar, formerly chief rabbi in Leeuwarden and of the province of Friesland, was appointed his Other learned men, with at successor in Arnhem. least local reputation, were Joel Frankfort, teacher from 1836 to 1866, esteemed for Talmudic learning

J. Waterman, translator of Fiirst's HeChief Per- brew lexicon into Dutch, and a leader

of the reform movement in Dutch Judaism which reached fullest development about I860. In 1780, the jurist Jonas Daniel Meyer was born in a house situated where the synagogue now stands. The Dutch poetess, Estella Herzfeld, wife of Mr. Hymans, passed a portion of her life in Arnhem. Besides the burial and charitable societies that exist in every Jewish congregation, Arnhem has the following: (1) Hizzuk Emunoh, an association for the study of rabbinical literature; (2) Berit Abraham, a society that gives pecuniary aid to lying-in women, and toward expenses attendant on the ceremony of circumcision; (3) Sa'adas Ahim, an association composed of small traders, for mutual assistance in times of sickness and mourning (4) a charity association, and an association for lending money without interest to small traders, and several others. The Home for the Aged was removed to a new and better house in 1899, and steps were taken to establish an orphan home in Arnhem for the whole

sonalities.



province. In addition there is a society for dowering respectable girls, and for providing poor school children with clothing, especially on their attaining the thirteenth year also a fund for remitting money

to Palestine.

The Jewish population in 1898, according to the rather unreliable "Provinciaal Verslag," was 1,390 in a total population of 56,413 about 2.5 per cent. There were 30 births in 1898, a rather small propor-

—

but the death statistics were more favorable, seeing that, while the mortality in the whole population of the town was 1,029 (18J per thousand), among the Jews there were only 19 deaths (13f per thousand). This mortality is the highest of recent years, the average number of deaths being 16. The Jews of Arnhem support themselves mainly as small traders in clothtion;

ing and woolen goods. The meat business affords employment to a number of Jews, who may be said to control the trade. Several large stores Statistics, are maintained by Jews. There is only one Jewish lawyer, who is a member of the citjT council, and maintains a banking-house he and a Jewish member of the bar, with a few teachers, compose the academically educated Jewish population of Arnhem. Nevertheless, the congregation may be accounted one of the most prosperous in Holland. Bibliography For the older history of Arnhem, besides the manuscript in the Archives, see Van Wyn, Huiszittend Leven, i. 206,572,650,651; V. Hasselt, Geldersche Oudheden; idem, Arnhemsche Oudheden; Nyhofl, Onrkonden van Gelderland idem, Wandelingen door cen Deel van Gelderland





Cardinal-bishop of Cologne; died April 3, 1151. One of the few prelates who, during the Crusa.d'es, protected the Jews from the violence of the mob. When, during the Second Crusade, the inflammatory sermons of the French monk Rodolphe caused the populace throughout the Rhine provinces to attack the Jews, and torture and kill such of them as would not accept baptism, this cardinal-bishop was persuaded by a gift of money to set aside the castle of Wolkenburg, Lorraine, near Konigswinter, as an asylum for the Jews, and to allow the many Jews that fled thither to defend themselves with arms against the aggressors. The property that the Jews left behind was turned over to the bishop. This occurred on Sept. 23 and 24, 1146. Toward the end of that month two Jews,

Abraham and Samuel, were murdered on their way up to the castle. Moved by a second present from the Jews, the bishop had the murderer cruelly put to death. Bibliography Aronius, Begesten zur Gesch. der Juden im Frttnkischen und Deutsche n Beiche, Nos. 236, 237, 250; Brisch, Gesch. der Juden in C6ln, 1879, p. 146. The authority for these statements is Ephraim ben Jacob, who was one of those shut up in Wolkenburg. Besides his account, see Neubauer and Stern, Hebr. Berichte uber die Juden-Verfolgungen Withrend der Kreuzzilge, 1892, pp. 60, 190 Gratz, Gesch. der Juden, vi. 179. G.



ARNOLD OF

cf TEATJX



Cistercian

who, with the sanction of Pope Innocent

III.

monk, (1198—

crusade against the Albigenses and Jews of southern France, and occasioned the attack of Simon de Montfort on Viscount Raymund Roger. The latter was stigmatized as a patron of Jews and Albigenses, and on this account his beautiful capital, Beziers, was besieged by De Montfort, and on its fall (July 22, 1209) was well-nigh totally destroyed. According to Arnold's report to the pope, about twenty thousand perished by the sword regardless 1216), incited a

of caste, age, and sex; after which the city was looted and burned, so that "the vengeance of Ood raged therein in a wondrous way." The flourishing and cultured Jewish congregation of Beziers was almost exterminated two hundred persons lost their lives, and a great many others were taken captive. " The year of mourning " is the name by which that year is designated in the Jewish chronicles; the

Hebrew word for " mourning " having appropri69 ately the numerical value of the date i> 4969, or 1209 of the common era). From southern France, Arnold carried his murderous fanaticism to Spain under the following circumMohammed al-Nasir, the Almohade prince stances from the northwest of Africa, apprehending the success of the Christians in Mohammedan Spain,

=

=



army to Andalusia to make war on the advancing religion. The Christian princes of Spain immediately ceased their habitual inter-

transported a vast

necine hostilities for the sake of united resistance, and appealed to Innocent III. to inspire a general

crusade against the Crescent. The pope acceded and among the multitudes crossing the Pyrenees,