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129 tvi twenty -one years. It has been proven, however, that a larger proportion of Jewish recruits were enlisted, compared with the general population, the apparent discrepancy being accounted for by the irregular registration of deaths in the death registers, and also by the large emigration of Jews 36, 993 for the

from Russia. In addition to the statistics furnished in the foregoing table, Jewish recruits to the number of 8 were The fact must be taken enlisted in 1874 and 1875. into account that service in the Russian Army entails more hardships upon the Jews than upon nonJews, for the following reasons: (a) In military service the Jews are often prevented from observing the laws of their religion, as, for instance, concerning kosher food; (b) the relation between Jewish and Christian soldiers is not very pleasant, and the treatment of the Jews in the Army is most unsatisfactory (c) the military service does not give any privileges to the Jewish soldier, who is compelled to leave the place of service for the pale of Jewish settlement immediately after the completion of his term of service. "Under such circumstances," says Mysh, " one should be surprised rather at the com;

paratively small

number

of arrears

ish recruits."

among

the Jew-

—

Russian military authorities among them General in his "Diary," published in the "Artilleriski Zhurnal " of 1794 General Lebedev in " Russki Invalid," 1858 (No. 39); and Major-General Kuropatkin in " Voyenny Sbornik" (Military Collection),

Yermolov



—

1883, clii. 7, 8, 50 have often testified to the real patriotism and bravery of the Russian Jewish soldier. The daring deeds of Goldstein in the war for the liberation of the Slavonians (in 1876), of Geetzov, near Erzerum (in 1878), and of Leib Faigenbaum (see Faigenbatjh, Leib), near Plevna (in L. Orshanski was 1878), will be long remembered. in the emperor's guard for 54 years, and was buried with military honors in St. Petersburg in 1899

("Jew. Chron." March

1899,



30-46;

111.

M.

J.

Sbornik Tmperatorskavo Busskavo

Isto-

richeskavo Ohshchestva, xli. 74 Ibn Dastah, Account of the Chazars, Burtass, etc., Russian translation by D. Chwolson, Isztachri, Das Buck der Lander, p. 17, St. Petersburg, 1869 Epiznd iz Otetranslated by Von Mordtmann, 1875, 103-105 chestvennoi Voiny 1812, in Den, 1870, No. 40; V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Voinstvu uush chi Izrail, St. Petersburg, 1880, No. 8, 49-50; O. M. Lerner, ZapisM Grazhdanina, Odessa, 1877; Navoye Vrernya, 1876. p. 190; S. Kronhold, in Russfci Yevrei, 1879. No. 7, p. 11; St. PetersburqsMya, Vyedomosti, 1879, 287 Alia. Zeit. den Jud. 1877, No. 37 1878, No. 4, 42 H. M. Eabinowich, Statisticheskie Etyudy, St. Petersburg, 1886.











H. R.

ABNHEIM, FISCHEL



Bavarian deputy and

lawyer; born at Baireuth, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1812; died there Jan. 31, 1864. He was destined by his parents for a commercial career. They gave him a thorough Jewish education, and he was at a very early age proficient in Bible and Talmud. But his love for science induced him to prepare himself for the gymnasium, the highest class of which he entered atthe age of seventeen. Arnheim subsequently studied law at the universities of Munich and Erlangen; and in 1848 he was appointed royal attorney

II—

mu±t±

law at Naila, and

Arnhem later in his native town,

Bay-

reuth.

Owing to his wide reputation as a lawyer, Arnheim was elected by the cities of Hof and Miinchberg to the Bavarian legislature, where his juridical knowledge and unbiased and independent attitude made an impression. In appreciation of his services the freedom of the city of Hof was conferred upon him, and his reelection on four occasions to the legislature

was never opposed. the only Jew in his

He was

electoral district.

He

remained a deputy until his death.

Being a student of Bible and Talmud, Arnheim successfully defended

by

his coreligionists against accusations raised Semitic members of the legislature.

Bibliography: Kayserling, Oedenkhliltter,

p. 2;

anti-

Alia. Zeit.

des Jud. 1869, pp. 115-116.

M. B.

s.

ARNHEIM, HEYMANN;

German

born at Wongrowitz, Prussia, Feb.

6,

rabbi; 1796; died

While still a child he was left and from the age of twelve was compelled

there Sept. 22, 1865. fatherless,

to earn his own living. Notwithstanding these unfavorable conditions, he acquired a knowledge of Latin and Greek, and, more especially, of the German language and literature. He first became a private teacher at Neu-Strelitz then (1824) a schoolteacher at Fraustadt, and finally (1827) occupied a similar position at Glogau. There he published (1830) his first work, " Leitfaden beim Unterricht in der Mosaischen Religion." In 1836 he translated into German and commented on the Book of Job. This translation was highly appreciated by the learned world, and Arnheim was invited by Zunz and Sachs to collaborate in the translation of the Bible that they were preparing. To this work Arnheim furnished the following books The first four books of the Pentateuch, Kings, Ezekiel, Hosea, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Zechariah, Proverbs, Job, Ruth, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Nehemiah, and Jeremiah this last in collaboration with Sachs. In 1840 Arnheim became head teacher (OberleJirer) at Glogau, and commenced to preach in the The same 3 ear he published a great synagogue. translation of the Sabbath prayers and of the Yozerot for Purim, with notes in which ho displayed a In 1849 great knowledge of Midrashic literature. he became rabbi of the Zeller Institution. Arnheim was a contributor to many scientific journals, such as the "Hallische Jahrbucher" and the "Magazin fur die Literatur des Auslandes."



—

17, 1899).

Mysh, Bukovodstvo 7c. Busskim Zaknnam o Yevreyaklt, 2d ed., St. Petersburg, 1898; M. Brauda, in Kohelet (collection of articles in Hebrew), published by Zederbaum and Goldenblum, St. Petersburg, 1881; J. M. Grusheyski, YuridlcUeskaya Praktika, etc. in Voskhod,

Bibliography

at

jujj.

r

Bibliography: Monatssclirift,

1894, p. 508



Fuenn, Keneset

Yisrael, p. 156. I.

s.

Bu.

ARNHEM A

city of Holland, situated on the Rhine about fifty miles southeast of Amsterdam. No Jews are mentioned in the records of the city prior

In that year two Jews are mentioned as to 1404. having passed through Arnhem on a royal errand to Zutphen, and as having been detained on their return by floods in the former place, where the city authorities provided for their maintenance. A curious statement of the supplies granted them is found in Van The Hasselt, "Geldersche Oudheden," i. 66, § 21. city archives also reveal the facts that about the mid-