Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/158

120 "-

Armleder

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Army

"Antichrist," p. 93, and the description of St. Hildegarde, lib. iii., visio xi., ed. Migne, pp. 716 et seq.). As to the origin of the name Armilus, whether it

derived from Romulus, the founder of Rome, or from Ahriman, the evil principle of the Persians, Arimainyus = Armalgus (Targ. Isa. xi. 4 and Targ.

is

Yer. Deut. xxxiv.

3),

see

Ahriman, Antichrist,

and Romulus. Bousset, Der Antichrist, especially pp. 66-70, 88-99 ; English translation by A. H. Keane, pp. 104-112 and 138-146 ; Briill, in Kobak's Jeschurun, vii. ll ; Frankel, in Z. D. M. G. iii. 295; Gratz, in Wertheimer's Jahrb. f-Ur Israeliten, 1864, p. 339 ; and Genchichte, 3d ed., iy. 412; Griinbaum, in Z. D. M. O. xxxi. 300 ; Giidemann, Gesch. des Erziehunaswesens der Juden in Italien, pp. 221 et seq., 332-333; Horowitz, Bet 'Efted ha-Aggcuiot, p. 25 ; D. Kaulmann, in Monatssehrift, xl. 135, 136 ; Kobler, in Z. D. M. G. xxiii. 693 ; Kohut, Aruch Completum, i. 29i-292; Krauss, Griechischc und Lateinische LehnwCirter, i. 241-243; Jellinek, Introduction to Bet lia-Midrash, ii. 21-23, iii. 17-20 ; Schiirer, Geschichte, 3d ed., ii. 532, 533 ; Vogelstein and Rieper, Gesch. der Juden in Bom, i. 155 et seq.; Zunz, G. V. 2d ed., p. 295.

Bibliography

k.

L. G.

ARMLEDER PERSECUTIONS A

series of persecutions by a band of marauders who in 1338-39 massacred a large number of Jews in Alsace. In 1336 a nobleman of Franconia, pretending that an angel had commissioned him to do so, gathered a band of desperadoes and pillaged and murdered the Jews. These assassins styled themselves " Juden schlager " (Jewbeaters). Somewhat later John Zimberlin, an innkeeper of Upper Alsace, followed the example set in Franconia. He tied pieces of leather round his arms and bade his followers do This gave rise to the name " Armleder. the same. Their leader was called " King Armleder, " and under him they marched through Alsace, killing

many

Jews.

Those who were fortunate enough to escape fled to Colmar, where the citizens protected them. Armleder, whom success had intoxicated, besieged the city and devastated the surrounding country.

The assist

citizens asked

them.

When

Emperor Louis

of Bavaria to Armleder heard that the im-

were approaching, he fled to France. No sooner had the emperor left the country, however, than Armleder again appeared. The lords of Alsace, under the leadership of the bishop of Strasburg, formed an alliance (May 17, 1338), the members of which pledged themselves to pursue Armleder and fifteen of his most prominent perial troops

was very difficult to attack Arinand in the following year a knight, Rudolph of Andlau, made an agreement with " King Armleder," granting an amnesty to him

But it followers. leder's adherents;

his followers, provided that for the next ten years they would refrain from molesting the Jews. Though attacks ceased for a short time, the Jews, during the ten years of armistice, never lived in security and in 1349 there occurred the terrible massacres on the occasion of the Black Death, to which the attacks of Armleder had been the prelude.

and



Bibliography:

Scheid, Histoire des Juifs <T Alsace, Paris,

1887, pp. 23 et seq.; Schudt, JiXdische MefkwurdigUeiten, Frankforton-tbe-Main, i. 455, 1714, wbom Gratz {Gesch. der Juden, 3d ed., vii. 326) follows, is very inaccurate.

D.

G.

ARMORY A word

occurring only three times 25 it is used figuratively

In Jer. 1. ("The Lord hath opened his armory and brought forth the weapons of his indignation "). In Song in the A. V.

—

"

120

4 reference is made to a tower of David, an Armory, on the walls of which there "hang a thousand bucklers, all shields of mighty men." In Neh. iii. 19 Ezer, son of Jeshua, underof Songs

iv.

built for

took the repair of the city wall opposite the entrance Thus to the "armory at the turning " (of the wall). there seem to have been one or more buildings devoted to the storage of arms, as it is mentioned in I Kings x. 17 that Solomon kept five hundred golden shields " in the house of the forest of Lebanon. j.

F.

jr.

ARMS.

db

M.

S.

See Weapons.

ARMY. — Biblical Data



This term, here used

to designate the defensive force of Israel at all stages

of the nation's history, embraces widely dissimilar

aggregations of

men.

The Hebrew vocabulary Thus,

scarcely indicates these distinctions fully.

most comprehensive Hebrew term is yn (" force" or " forces ") SOX, a much more common designation, while CD"IJ?D is properly " an army in the field " means " an army in order of battle. " As the character of any fighting body depends upon its composition and organization, the subject will here be The decisive histreated from this point of view. the





torical dividing-point is the institution of a

Army

in the time of

standing

King David, an epoch coeval

with the establishment of the kingdom. In the old tribal days levies were made by the chief of each clan, to be employed either in the general cause or in the interests of the In Tribal clan itself. As typical of this custom Days. may be cited the levy of Abraham, mentioned in Gen. xiv. Abraham here musters his own well-tried servants hereditary retainers, not chattels of questionable loyalty and these constitute a military body prepared to

—

operate in the maneuvers of the brief campaign (xiv. 14). In verse 24 of the same chapter a suggestion is given of the readiness with which kindred or friendly clans fell in with a movement to help the general cause. The "army " here consists of all reliable, able-bodied men, who possess no other discipline than that acquired in the vicissitudes of semi-nomadic life. The same conditions apply to the deeds recorded in Gen. xxxiv. 25, xlviii. 22, and virtually remain unchanged during the desert wanderings of the tribes. The encounter with Amalek (Ex. xvii. 8-13) is an example of these frequent conflicts with alien peoples, which are also vividly exemplified in the gradual subjugation of the Canaanites by the Hebrew confederacy, detailed in Judges i. 1 — ii. 5, where the attack is described as being made either by single clans or by a combination of tribes. Here the fighters include all those capable of bearing arms, the division of forces depending solely upon the exigencies of the occasion. slightly different system prevailed after the settlement had been fairly established. The necessity of defending territory once acAfter the quired led to the formation of a kind Settlement of irregular militia in each consid-

A

in Canaan, crable the

district.

Combinations

common

for

defense against external and internal enemies naturally followed and these gradually led to the formation of an elementary