Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/127

89 "Agudat Shemuel" (Samuel's Collection), consisting of extracts from his previously mentioned works (Venice, 1576).

Bibliography Sefarim,

Ardotial

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

89

Cat.



Bodl.

2408

col.

Benjacob, Ozar ha-



p. 7.

M. L. M.

g.

Arianism

lows that the Jews must have been influential in the Nabatsean kingdom; otherwise the Nabataeans would have been careful to avoid any interference with Paul, who was a Roman citizen. Bibliography

A. von Gutschroid, in Euting, Nahataische 84, Berlin, 1885 Rchurer, Gesch. i. 617-619, cited; Paul Ewald, in Bealenciiclop. filr Protest. Thebloffie, 3d ed., i. 795 et seq.; Wilcken, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encvclopttdie, s.v.; and the commentaries upon the New Testament passages quoted.

Inschriften, p.



and the bibliography

ABET AS

Aramaic king; reigned from 9 B.C. (in

nmn)

IV.:

to 40 of

the

Nabatasan

common

His full title, as given in the inscriptions, era. " Aretas, King of the Nabataeans, Friend of his

was

People." Being the most powerful neighbor of Judea, he frequently took part in the state affairs of that country, and was influential in shaping the destiny While on not particularly good terms of its rulers. with Rome as intimated by his surname, " Friend

—

of his People,"

which

prevalent iiawQ

is

("

in direct opposition to the

Friend of the Romans

")

and

g.

L. G.

ARGENS, MAROUIS D

See Mendelssohn,

Moses.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

See Agricul-

tural Colonies in America, Buenos Ayres.

ARGOB 1 A district in Bashan which was taken from Og by the Jews (Deut. iii. 4), and together with the district of Gilead, was handed over to the halftribe of Manasseh (Deut. iii. 14). One account of the renaming of the land is given in Deut. iii. 15, and another in Judges x. 3, 5. The latter account is to be preferred, since Deuteronomy speaks of Havoth Jair and Argob as identical, and it is known from I Kings iv. 13 that Havoth Jair was in Gilead. The district of Argob has not been located accurately, but a steady line of tradition points to the modern Leja, known to the Romans as Trachonitis, which is the

.

word the Targums use

in translating Argob.

The

land is of lava formation and very rocky it is separated sharply from the surrounding fertile lands by This fact may explain a line of rocks and stones. place or a person the term, "cord of Argob." 2. mentioned in II Kings xv. 25. The passage is very obscure. Rashi holds that Argob was the royal palOthers consider that the name refers to an acace. complice of Pekah in the murder of Pekahiali. Still others are of opinion that Argob was an officer of Pekahiah who, with his master and one Arieh, was

Bronze Coin of Aretas IV. Philodeme of Nabathsea, with In"Aretas King of scription—. laaj iSd nm[n] Year ..." Nabathsea. ..

.

.

.

.

iw—

.

(After Vigouroux, " Dictionnaire da

la Bible.")

—

(" Friend of the Emperor") and though it was only after great hesitation that Augustus recognized him as king, nevertheless he took part in the expedition of Varus against the Jews in the year 4 b.c. (see Archelaus and Varus), and placed a considerable army at the disposal of the Roman general.

QMnaioap

It appears, however, that his relations with the Jews, or at least with the reigning family, became later more friendly; and Herod Antipas married his daughter. This marriage, however, led to a war between Aretas and Herod the latter having conceived a fatal passion for his sister-in-law, Herodias, and having repudiated his wife, thus aroused the hatred of the Nabataean king. Soon afterward there

arose a quarrel between Aretas and Herod concerning the boundary of Gilead, which led to open warfare. In a battle between the two armies, Herod Antipas was defeated, and would have been completely overthrown but for the interference of Rome it was against Roman interests to permit the spread The emperor Tiberius of the power of Aretas.

governor of Syria, to punish Aretas for his independent action. On account of the emperor's death (37), however, his order was never carried out. Aretas IV. is probably identical with the Aretas whose governor at Damascus attempted to imprison Paul the apostle while the latter was on his mission-

commanded

Vitellius,

ary journey (II Cor. xi. 32). Since in a parallel passage (Acts ix. 23 et seq.) the Jews of Damascus are mentioned as lying in wait for Paul, it is very probable that Aretas made the attempt to capture Paul at the request of the Jews. From this it fol-

A

assassinated by Pekah. Bibliography: Buhl, QeograpMe des Alten PaUtstina, p. 118. G. B. L. j. jr.

LEWIS:

Merchant and philanthropist; ARIA, Of a Sephardic family, he died at Portsea in 1874. was trained to business and devoted the fortune he made during a long career to the foundation of a theological college for the training of Jewish youth This was established at Portsea for the ministry. and has turned out several Jewish ministers. By a curious provision of the will, preference is to be given to candidates for admission that have resided in Hampshire, the county in which Portsea is situThe incumbent of the post of principal of ated. Aria College Bibliography

is

Rev.

I.

S. Meisels.

Jacobs, Jewish Year-Bnok, 5661.

J

ARIANISM A heresy of the

Christian Church,

by Anus, bishop of Alexandria (d. 336), who taught that the Son is not equivalent to the Father started

=

consubstantialis), thereby provoking a seturn rious schism in the Christian Church, which in affected the fortunes of the Jews in many countries. In view of the fact that most Germanic peoplessuch as the eastern and western Goths, as also the Franks, the Lombards, the Suevi, and the Vandals— (dfiooimoc