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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

terles;

Gallebles; Gravestones; Hospitals; Mausoleums; Synagogues, Ancient; Syn gogues,

Modern; Tombs,

etc.

ARCHIVES ISRAELITES

A French Jewfounded in 1840 by Samuel Cahen, author of a French translation of the Hebrew Bible. The first number appeared in January, 1840, as an octavo pamphlet of sixty -four pages, entitled, "Archives Israelites de France: Revue Mensuelle Historique,

ish review,

Biographique, Bibliographique, Litteraire."

Some

its first contributors were G. "Weil (Ben-Levi), O. Terquem, Solomon Munk, Gerson Levy, Rabbi M. Charleville, Ph. Luzzatto, Albert Cohn, A. Darmesteter, A. Widal, and E. Carmoly. In 1860 Isidore Cahen, son of the founder of the paper, became its

of

Archipherecites Ardit

them." The archons conducted political affairs; while religious matters were managed by the heads of the synagogue, who, at the same time, might be archons. Yet the gerusia probably met at the synagogue, the court of which was the place for public distinctions adj udged

by the gerusia (compare Philo, Legatio ad Cajum," § 20). These archons must be distinguished from those of cities in Palestine organized on the Greek plan as at Tiberias, for instance, "



where the Archon was the head of a Boule consisting of 600 members (Josephus, "Vita," §§27, 53, 54, 57; idem, "B. J."

Bibliography



ii. 21, § 3). Schurer, Qeseh. 3d ed.,

iii.

38-52.

G-

A.

ARCTURtTS.

Btt.

See Constellation.

editor.

The "Archives" has

changed the periods of its appearance, its form, and its title. It has been a monthly and a semi-monthly; and in 1879 it became a weekly. It is now a quarto, more in several times

ARDASHAR:

" Archives " celebrated its fiftieth anniversary by the publication of a collection of essays, reminiscences, and letters, under the title " La Gerbe "

Village in the government of Erivan, Transcaucasia, Russia, about 16 miles southsoutheast from the capital of Erivan the site of the old Armenian capital Artaxata, or Artashat Artaxata is said to have been built for King Artaxias I. (189159 B.C.), by Hannibal, 180 b.c. It was destroyed by Nero's army, and was restored by Artashes (85-127 of the common era), who transplanted thither captive Jews from Palestine. When the Persians destroyed the city in 370, they took away as .prisoners 40,000 Armenian and 9,000 Jewish families from Artaxata. See Armenia.

(The Sheaf).

Bibliography

the nature of a journal than of a review; short articles on topics of the day taking the place of longer articles. Isidore Cahen continued to be the " directeur " until his death, March 6, 1902 editor-in-chief

is

H. Prague. In 1890 the

Bibliography



La

J.

W.

ARCHIVES, JEWISH, OE OLD CONGRESee

Memorbuch



Pinkes.

ARCHON (ARCHONTES TEIA) body



in

member

The

title

the

independent

throughout the

of a

or

ARCHON-

of the governing

Jewish

communities

Roman

empire, as in Alexandria, Antioch, Berenice in Cyrenaica, Rome, Tlos in Lycia, and other cities. In Alexandria, where Emperor Augustus established a Gerusia (Philo, " In Flaccum," § 10; compare Josephus, "Ant." xix. 5, § 2; Schilrer, "Gesch." 3d ed., iii. 41) instead of a single Ethnarch for the Jews, the archons constituted the gerusia (Philo, I.e.), as is especially evident from the construction of the sentence rove apxovrac, ttjv yepovaiav, di nal yepuc nal rifirjg elaiv kwuwp.01 (see Alexandria for the contrary view, see Schilrer, I.e.). At the end of the first century of the common era, nine archons were at the head of the community in Berenice in North Africa in Alexandria, more than thirty-eight; while in Rome there were several com;

Archon, as appears from their the archons were chosen in the month of Tishri, about the Jewish New-Year; in Berenice, probably during the Feast of Tabernacles. Besides those elected for a term, there were archons for life. The mere title was sometimes bestowed on munities each with epitaphs.

its

At Rome,

women and children. It may be generally

accepted that the functions of the Archon were the same as those that Strabo ascribes to the Alexandrian ethnarchs (Strabo, quoted

by Josephus

"Ant." xiv. 7, § 2), and those delegated to the gerusia under Augustus: "He governs the nation, metes out justice to them, and takes care of their contracts and of the laws belonging to in





Reaesty

Naclpisi, No. 1&5,

i

EntzUilopeiliclieslii Slorar,

1899;

Gerbe, 1890.

G.

GATION.



ii.,

s.v.,

St. St.

Petersburg, Petersburg,

1893.

H. R.

PARTHIAN KING. See Parthia, Jews op. ARDIT (t3H-|N) or ARDOT (D1T1K) The name ARDASHIR,



Aragon to Turkey, live. The following

of a family that emigrated from

where

their descendants still

members 1

are

known

Abraham Ardit

.



Lived in 1483 at Barcelona.

Ephraim Ardit: Lived

2.

in Smyrna; wrote, "Matteh Ephrayim" (Ephraim's a commentary on Maimonides' "Mishneh

under the Staff),

title

Torah." It was published in 1791 at Salonica, gether with several of his responsa and sermons.

to-

3. Hayyim Abraham Ardit A resident of Smyrna wrote additional notes to the work of his uncle, Ephraim Ardit (No. 2), and appended several



sermons of his own.

Hayyim Moses Ardit Was in possession Smyrna) of a manuscript of Joseph Caro's " Responsa," which collection was printed under the title " Abkat Rokel " in 1791 at Salonica, 2d edition, 4.



(at

Leipsic, 1859, very probably at Ardit's initiative.

5.

Isaac Abraham Ardit Possibly a son of embraced Christianity, but retained the name

No. 1



of Ardit ("Rev. Et. Juives," iv. 59, 62). 6. Isaac b. Solomon Ardit : Author of a vo-

luminous commentary on the Talmudic

treatise

'Arakin (Salonica, 1823). 7.

Raphael Ardit



Wrote " Marpeh Lashon " commentary on the Tal-

(Healing for the Tongue), a

treatise Shebu'ot, with an appendix containing novelise to Maimonides' "Mishneh Torah" (Salo-

mudic

nica, 1826).

8.

No.

Raphael Solomon Ardit 6,

to



A

relative

whose commentary he added some

of

notes.