Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/123

85 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

85

Archaeologie, 1894; Schflrer, Gesch. 2d ed., 1890; Stade, Gesch. des Volkes Israel, 2d ed., 1889, especially vol. 1., book Yii., pp. 358-518. For the bearings of extra-Biblical material on Biblical Archeology, see Ball, Light, from the Bast, London, 1899; Schrader, C. I. 0. T. 1888 Vlgouroux, La Bible et les Decouvertes Modernes, 5th ed., Paris, 1889; Boscawen, The Bible and the Monuments, London, 1895 Evetts, New Light onthe Holy Land, London, 1891 Recent Research, in Bible Lands, edited by H. V. Hilprecht, Philadelphia, 1890; McCurdy, History, Prophecy, and Monuments, 1896, ii. vii. chaps, i.-iv.; Sayce, The Egypt of the Hebrews, London, 1895 idem, PatHarclial Palestine, London, 1895 idem. Races of the Old Testament, London, 1891 Price, The Monument* and the Old Testament, Chicago, 1900. J. JK. I. M. P.









ARCHER, ARCHERY:

The bow as a weapon familiar to the Hebrews from patriarchal times (Gen. xxi. 20, xxvii'. 3, xlviii.

in

war and the chase was

Jonathan and Jehu were expert archers (II 22 II Kings ix. 24) the tribe of Benjamin was renowned for its sons' skill with the bow (I Chron. viii. 40, xii. 2) and David, after the battle of Gilboa, sought to encourage archery practise in Judah (II Sam. i. 18). The impulse thus given seems to have taken root, so that 250 years later the prophet Hosea speaks of the bow as representing

22).

Sam.

i.







Israel's military

power

(ch.

i.

5).

From

the figures extant in Assyrian monuments it appears that the usual tactics with the bow were to overwhelm the enemy with repeated showers of arrows, and then close in with sword and spear upon the harassed ranks. In Ps. cxx. 4 there is a reference to the practise of affixing burning material to the arrow-head, no doubt for setting fire to a besieged town. For further details and Hebrew terms in connection with Archery, see Army Weapons. e. c. F. de S. M.

ARCHEVITES

(ii:riK):

A people whom Asnap-

per brought from Erech or Uruk, a political and religious center of Babylonia, and settled in Samaria. They wrote to Artaxerxes concerning the building of the Temple at Jerusalem and had the work on it stopped (Ezra iv. 9). Erech (Uruk) is mentioned in Gen. x. 10. J.

JK.

G. B. L.

Archeology Archimedes

embodied in the

Italian liturgy, notably his " Song on Circumcision. " He was an excellent Talmudist, and, when quite young, reedited or rather supplied with extensive textual references, the Aruk of Nathan b. Jehiel under the title "Sefer ha-' Aruk" (Venice,

His book " Degel Ahabah " (The Banner of 1531). Love), an ethical work with commentaries, was printed in Venice (1551). The most notable of his works are (1) "'Arugat ha-Bosem" (The Bed of Spices), a Hebrew grammar (Venice, 1602 reprinted,

Amsterdam,

1730),

and

(2)

"Ma'yan Gannim" (A

Fountain of Gardens), fifty metrical letters, designed to be models for students of this form of composition (Venice, 1553). Of these two books the more important is the Hebrew grammar, because the subject is exhaustively and originally treated. Twenty-five out of the thirty-two chapters are devoted to the rudiments of the language. Chapters twenty-six and twenty -seven treat of Hebrew accentuation chapters twenty -eight and twenty -nine discuss perfect style chapter thirty treats of steganography and Biblical cryptography, and chapters thirty-one and thirtytwo treat of the nco-Hebraic meter, with original models of style and method. The last chapter pleased John Buxtorf the younger to such an extent that he translated it into Latin, appending it to his transla;

tion of the Cuzari (1660).

Archevolti,

who loved the

Hebrew language and delighted in its poetical phrasing and shading, was disinclined to uphold the ideas advanced by Judah ha-Levi, who, though one of the greatest Hebrew poets, did not care to treat Biblical subjects poetically, maintaining that they did not readily lend themselves to such treatment. Archevolti held the opposite view, and in respectful terms wrote against his famous predecessor, employing the Talmudic bit of satire, " The dough must be bad indeed if the baker says it is. Bibliography Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. s.v. Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 7001 Delitzsch, Zur Gesch. d. Hebr. Poesle, p. 6. G. A. D. g.





ARCHIMEDES



The

greatest mathematician

of antiquity born in Syracuse about 287 B.C. His influence on Jewish literature was not extensive. Only two of his works have come clown

ARCHEVOXTI, SAMUEL BEN EL.HA-

NAN ISAAC

Italian grammarian, and poet of the sixteenth century. Many of his piyyutim were

to us in a

Company of Egyptian archers at Deir el-Bahari. (After Wilkinson, " Ancient Egyptians.")

Hebrew

translation.

Ka-