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77 Arba' Kanfot Arcadius

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

77

for the press. In 1859 be enlisted as a volunteer in the Piedmontese regiment of Alpine chasseurs, and took part in the war for independence. The war over, he returned to the printing-house, which he left again to follow Garibaldi to Sicily in 1860. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on the battle-field of Milazzo, and entered the regular army with the same grade. Arbib served in the campaign against Austria in 1866, and on the cessation of hostilities he retired from the army and found employment on the staff of "La Nazione," a newspaper published in Florence; subsequently he became editor-in-chief of the " Gazzetta del Popolo " in Ultimately he removed to Rome, the same city. where in 1870 he founded a daily newspaper, "La

death by proving that from Catholic zeal she had dipped her handkerchief in his blood. His canonization by Pius IX. (1867) aroused protests not only from Jews, but from Christians. The general sentiment against the act is illustrated by the well-known charcoal drawing of Kaulbach, "Peter Arbues Burning a Heretic Family." Arbues is represented as old and decrepit, and taking fiendish delight in the sufferings of his victims, who are probably Maranos. Bibliography

H. C. Lea, Publications of the American Hist. Assn. December, 1888; Chapters from the Religious History of Spain, pp. 374 et seq.; Dublin Univ. Mag. 1874, lxxxiv. 334 et seq. a. M. M.

K.— W.

ARCADIUS

Byzantine emperor from 395 to too weak a ruler to be able to withstand the influence exerted by his court favorites upon his policy toward the Jews. Such privileges as were accorded them were due to his privy coun-

Liberta." His political career began in 1880, when he was elected by the citizens of Viterbo as their representative in the Chamber of Deputies and some time later he was elected to the Chamber by the people of Perugia. His contributions to Italian litera-

408.

ture are: (1) "L'Esercito Italiano alia Campagna del 1866 " (2) " Baconti Militari " (1870), in the " Biblio" teca Amena" (vol. lxv.); (3) " Guerra in Famiglia

self





{1871); (4)

Bandiere

"LaMoglieNera"

(1874); (5)

"Rabagas

" (1878).

M.

s.

K.—F.

H. V.





He was

Eutropius (396-399), who easily allowed himto be bribed into favoring the Jews. (See

selor,

" Realencyclopadie der Class. Alterthumswissensch. " s.v.) The laws curtailing the various favors already granted to the Jews are supposed by Gratz ("Gesch. der Juden," 3ded., iv: 359) to have been promulgated after the death of Eutropius. law of the year 396 forbids, under penalty of imprisonment, any imperial officer from fixing the price on Jewish merchandise brought to market the privilege is left to the Jews themselves (Codex Theo-

Pauly-Wissowa,

A

ARBIB,

ISAAC.

See

Akroya,

Isaac

ben

Moses.



ARBUES, PEDRO:

Spanish canon and inquisitor; called by certain Jews "the creature and darborn about 1441 at Epila, ling of Torquemada " Aragon (hence sometimes styled " master of Epila ") died Sept. 17, 1485. He was appointed canon of

Saragossa in 1474; and ten years later Torquemada appointed him and the Dominican Gaspar Juglar The zeal inquisitors for the province of Aragon.

by Torquemada in his religious persecutions was emulated by Arbues, who in the first month of his office held two autos da f e, at which exhibited

Maranos were executed, and others were conThough to penance and loss of property. no record of further trials exists, he must have continued to be active in persecution, as the Maranos were so enraged that his assassination was determined upon. The offer of enormous sums to Ferdinand and Isabella to induce them to limit the activity of the Inquisition and the confiscation of property had been fruitless, and, after consultation with newly converted Jews some of whom were men of several

demned

—

high rank, like Gabriel Sanchez, the king's treasurer the extreme step was taken by two wealthy Maranos, Juan de la Abadia and Juan Esperandeu, with the hired help of an assassin, the latter's French Abadia's incentive servant, Vidal, probably a Jew. was doubtless the execution of his sister and the condemnation of his father by the Inquisition. An attempt to enter Arbues' bedchamber failed but the design was accomplished while he was attending mass. Two days later he died from his wounds. The retaliation on the Maranos, not all of whom were implicated, .was awful. Vidal and Esperandeu were cruelly put to death; and Abadia made an attempt at suicide while awaiting his auto da fe. On Arbues' death, popular belief invested him with miraculous power. A Jewess saved herself from

—



Still, in this law no reference dosianus, xvi. 8, 10). had to Jewish market-inspectors, as Gratz infers. It is a matter relating solely to the non-liability of the Jews to the law, Depretio rerum venalium,which was already in existence in the reign of Diocletian.

is

The same spirit of justice manifests itself in another law of Arcadius " It is sufficiently well known that the sect of the Jews is not limited in its rights by any law " (ib. xvi. 8, 9). In the same year (396), Arcadius issued an edict addressed to Claudianus, the "comes" of the Orient, wherein he is ordered to pro:

tect the "illustrious patriarch " against insult (§ 11). He also commanded the prefect of Illyria (in 397) to ill treatment of the Jews, and to guard synagogues against any disturbance "of their wonted peaceful condition " (§ 12). Moreover, the Jewish patriarchs, as well as all of their legal functionaries, such as the archisynagogoi and presbyters, were to enjoy the same privileges as the Christian In the last clergy, and be relieved of curial taxes. clause, Arcadius refers to the measures of the emper-

prevent any their

ors,

Constantine the Great, Constantius, Valentinian,

and Valens; but Gothofredus remarks concerning this law (§ 13) that the privilege was suspended under Valens in 383. In 404 Arcadius again confirmed these privileges to the patriarchs and other officials of the Jewish communities, and once more with reference to his father, the legislator, the emperor Theodosius (§ 14). All of these laws may be found chronologically arranged in the section of the Digest,

"De

Judseis, Coelicolis et Samaritanis. "

But

laws concerning the Jews emanating from Arcadius are also found in other portions of the codex of TheoIn February, 398, Arcadius ordered that in dosius. all civil contests, if both parties agreed, the Jews might elect their patriarchs or any other officers as