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648 Anti-Semitism Autislaveiy

Till-;

.IKWISII

Political sciimliils. iiiiii i'S|U'cially llie vcimlity <>f laifri' niinilRT of politicians and journalists, hroiijflit Fniiuc to the vcrirt' of civil war. Till' collapse of the Panama (anal ('onijiaiiy, anil tlic inililicalion of the scamlals coMnicliil wiih it, were In that coa new source of ilan.ner to the repulilic. were promineiit anil lossjil swinille .several Jews

an iniTcdibly



they were merely tlie ajrents. the venal IHiliticians heins the real culprits, the fact of their participation, constantly reiterated by the clerical aial the anIi-Seinitic press, fomented the hatred The anti-Semitic a.ijitalors hail a.irainst the Jews. especially protested bitterly a.nainst the Jews holdinir administrative oltices or commissions in the army. In isyi Cajitain Mayer was killed in a duel which he fousrht with Mari|uis de Mores, one of the tiercest leaders in the anti SentThe Drey- itic movement. In 1H95 the Dkkyfus Affair, fis Akkaiii broiiiiht the excitement to In Algeria the a dangerous pitch. demonstrations led to bloodshed. The aiili Semites elected Max Resris, one of tlie most rabid Jew-haters, as mayor of Alfriers; and allhouijh the ixovcniment deposed him. Anti-Semitism still raired in Al.ireiia. Durinji the revision of the Dreyfus trial in IHil!), Gueriii, the editor of " L'Anti-Juif,'' detied the authorities for a time by barricading himself in a liouse and refusins to yield to the law. While the fear lest an outbreak niiiiht endanger the success of the Exposition of lllllO served to suliilue )iolilii'at passion, the niunicii>al elections in Parisaiidin Al.sxeria, in the ntontli of May, 19110. resulted in a victory for the Nationalists, who. beini: a composite of Clerical Jlonarchists and opiionents of the government in jiower, are luaiidy cemented together by their common Anti-Semitism. In Hussia the elTect of the as.sassi nation of Alexander II. (March l:i. ISSl) was the strengthenin.g of reactionary tendencies. The lale emperor had in various wa_vs tried to mitigate the despotic form of governmontwhich was the traditional policy of the empire. The restrictive laws against the Jews were to some extent moderated Viy exceptions and otherwise were less rigorously enforced, Alexander III,, haunted by the specterof Xihilism. gave himself entirely into the hands of the SIav(i|ihiles, wliose policy was that of unrestricted tyranny, PiinvEDONosTZiiv, head of the Holy Synod; Count IiiNATlEV, Alis.Kov. and such men possessed his unbounded confidence. An improvement of the sad condition of the Jews was part of the Liberal jirogram. and. consequently, could not be countenanced. Russia. Soon after the accession of the new eni]ieror. serious riots broke out (.Vpril 27, 1S,><1) in Elizabethgrad. in the southern (lart of the emiiire, and in Kiev (May •'>). Property of immense value was destroyed; Jews were expelled from .several cities; and a considerable luimlier were killed or seriously injured. Similar scenes occurred in ius;iw in Decemlier. 1S,'<1, .More than two thousand families were made homeless, and pro]ierl v estiniuted at from T7,lHii) to l.lli),ll(M) rubles in'value was destroyed, Iui])erial ukases of Aug. 2'Jand Oct, 10, issl, restricted the. lews' right of residence to the towns of the so-called Paleof Settlement, aniLso produced a l)ale within the Pale; proliibileil the side of liquor: the right to hold land; and limited the number of Jewish students in colleges and universities. The fanatic population showed a full perception of the intentions of the government. Serious riots were of almost regular occurrence at Rostov on the Don. May 'i'i. 1^88: in Xijni-Xovgorod. June 7. 1884; and recently in Xikolaiev. April. 18!)!l. The expulsions continued, and assumed serious proporalthoui;li

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ENCYCLOPEDIA

648

and 1892; so that President Harrison, hismes,sage to Congress, spoke of the <oneeru created by these measures in the I iiited .States. Thi-death of Alexander III, (.Nov. 1. 18!tl) brought no decided change in the status of the .lews; and while persecutions have abated, the restr'elivc laws are still in force. One result of these conditions has been the scheme for settling the Jews in Palestine, advocated by Laurence Oliphant, and sidisei|uently taken up bv the ZliiMSTs; and a similar attempt by tions in 1891 in

Haron de llirscli to found homesteads in Argentina for the Jewish refugees. Large nmnbers of them settled in England, in the United States, and in South -Vfrica.

Ever

the dethronement of Prince Cusa of that country has been the theater of serious outbreaks of mob violeuce against the Jews. The per.secutions of December. 1871. caused by the trial of a Jew aceusi'il of buying Rumania, sjicred vessels stolen from a church, evoked protests in almost every civilized country. When Rumania's independence was recognized liy the Congress of IJerlin (.Inly 1. 1878), it was on condition that the constitution of the new eoiuitry should grant eiiual rights to all citizens, regardless of creed. Rumaida suhinitted. but did not fulfil its obligation, and the l{umanian government declared all Jews to be alieiisand made the naturalization of foreigners dependent u))on a special act of the le.!rislature. Nalunilization was granted in but very few instances, and Ihelot of the Jewsin Rumania grew steadily worse. They were the victims of frequent mob-violence (as in Hucharest, Dec, 12. 1807. and in Jassy, Jlay 28, 1800). and their assjiilants went unpunished when brought before the courts. As in Russia, .Tews were expelled from villages, and in many other ways restricted in their economic activity; they were debarred from the piddle schools, and at preMiit (lOOli the government is |>utting every imaginable obstacle in the way of the Jewish schools with the evident object of preventing the Jews from improving their condition. Large numbers of enu'grants left the country during 1900. notwithstanding the accession to power of a more liberall.v minded premier. ^linister Carp. This article is limited by the definition of AntiSemitism as the opposition to Jew s on the ground of their ethiucal inferiority. Therefore it is unnecessary to refer to the condition of the Jews in countiies like Persia and .Morocco, where religious fanaticism needs no scientific jiretext. However, the blood accusations of Corfu, April. 1801, resulting from the murderof a Jewish child, and Other Countries, the subsequent riots may be referred to in this sketch, but will be treated more iipproprialely under Bi.ool) Ac'CVS.VTlox. Another instance of .Vnti-Seiuilism is given by the cnaetinents which have been passed prohibiting the killingof animalsaccording to the Jewish ritein Saxony, by an order of the minister of the interior -March 2:i, x'M. and iu Switzerland by a referendum, Aug. .since

Rumania

in

18(i(i.

20. 189:5.

While it may be stated that .Vnti-Sendlism as such does not exist either in England or in the I'nited States, still amid the ,ireneral class distinctions maintained in social intercourse in those countries, a feeling a.gainst the Jews manifests itself in social discriminations, A prominent exiiounder of the antiSemitic theories in the English-speaking world, and, according to Lueien AVolf {" . .Jewish View of the Anti-Jewish Acitation," in " Xineteenth Centiuy," 1881. ix,


 * i;i8-:{.-i7),

their originator,

is

Prof.

Goldwin

IU< charges against the Jews are the same that are found in the works of the German

Smith, of Toronto.