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640 Antipater Anti-Semitism

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

in iraining his objects, although Ihe.lewisli sliite lost its inilepeiidenee in consequence. Tile ilispule was referrcci to Uonie. and decision was jriven aL'aiiist Arislolmlus. The reinnani of independence which Pompey had allowed lo .Indea. whose nominal kins; was now llyrcanus II.. proved of ffieat advantaire to Aniip

Antipater siU'ceMicil

now

lnld llyrcanus conijdetely nnder llyrcanus needed a cnifly an<i skilful his control, counselor at his side, such as Aniipater. to meet (he (liHiculties of party opposition from within and of Homan i:reed from without. Antipater. however, retained his ]iosilion of iiilluence even Hyrcanus after llyrcanus was strippeil of all political power by Galiinius (.")T it.c. and Antipater. His proconsul arran.ired "nil atTairs of .lerusalem a<cor<linj,' to the will of Antipater," a i)lirase which seems to indicate that Antipater was made the ta. -collector of the Jew ish realm. When his personal interests did not conflict with those of the Jews the cntfty Idumean was of ffreat Thus, after the battle of Pharsiilia service to them. (Aug. 9. 4M n.c.). he was (|uiek to take sides with Ca'.sjir; and- the hitler's frien<lsliip to the Jews was mainly due to the services rendered him by Aniipater, in Egypt, nominally under the authority of llyrcanus. Ciesjir rewjudi'd Anti|)ater by appointing him governor (fTi'r/x.rror) of Judea in the year 47 H.c. and. what was of still greater advantage to Antipater. Hyrcanus was ni.-ule etliiiarcli instead of Aiitigonus. son of .Vristoliiilus II. Kntii'cly ignoring Hyrcanus. he appointed his own sons. Pliasiiel and lIero<l. governors of Jerusiilem and of Galilee respectively. During the subset|Uent struggle between Ciesar and the Pompeians. Antipater e.xhili ited great statesmanship in steering little Judea skilfully through the troublous times. As long as Ca'sar lived iie reinained his parli/an. foreseeing the ultimate victory of the great general: Changes but after his assjissination. Antipater sided with Cassius because the latter of Policy. had seized SyiHa. and Judea coidd not liave stood against him. He was as energetic in his services to t'assius as formerly to Ca'sar. and was most prompt in delivering the TOO talents which the Jews had to (-ontiibute for Cassius' army. In the midst of his activity and rising success Antipater was poisoned (43 li.c. ). while feasting with Hyi-eanus. l)y the hireling of a certain .Malieh. who, like Antipater. was aspiring to an influential position in Judea. No good, however, came to Judea by his death, for the power of the I<lumean not annihilated thereby, and his sons, Jiouse was jiarticularly Herod, carried on the work of the destruction of Judea. So nuieh was this the case that the hatred of the Jews conceiitraled itself mainly against the son. and legend has little to say of the actual founder of the Ilerodian dynasty. A fragment of a legend concerning the life of Antipater has, however, been preserved by Jidius Africanus. According to this writer, Idumean robbers attacked Ascalon, and pluiuhicd a shrine of Apollo, taking with them the son of the temple attendant Heiod, because he was too poor to redeem his son Antipater. Antipater was thus brought up as an Antipater Idumean and later won the friendship in Jewish of Hyrcanus II. (Julius Africanus. Leg-end. I'.pistola ad Aristidem." v. Migne. aler. as he

640

ner in which the narrative endeavors to prove the Idumean oiigin of lleri>d. The legend refuses to n-garil him even as a half-Jew (Deut. .xiii. 8). but calls

a Philistine, a member of a rjiee which existeiK-e to unchastily ((ien. H. .xvii. it). then seeks to reconcile its slatemeni with actual

ow-es

and

him

its

fact. The noli Jewish origin of the Herodiaiis is also demonstrated by the Mishiiali Sotah, iv., at end. See also IIkkou I. and HvucANUS II. Joseplius. .1 lit. xlv. 1, B 3: 2. J 1 : 3. e:i: 3,82: /).J. I. li. iiS-r,: 11. M:t 111; fcir oilier i-tlillnii. index; Kwiild. Hitttin'}/ of /«iiiil. V. :Clil-:aii<. 4'.)).

The Jewish oi-igin

Justin Martyr (•' Dialogus characterizes this statement of Herod's origin from Ascalon as Jewish. That this account is fabulous is shown bv the manis at testeii liy

cum Tryphone,

"

lii.).

who

ANTIPATER:

Kldist son of Herod the Great and of the Idumean I)oris. who soon after Antipaler's birth was discarded by her husband born

executed 4 lie. He wiislilsl brought up in obscurity and penury: but Pheronis and Salome, brotherand sister of Herod, fearing that the iiilluence of Alexander and .Vristobulus. the two sons of Mariamne. would lie detrimental to their own designs upon Herod, induced the latter, after the death of Mariamne, to recall to his palace both his former wife and his tirst-born son. Antipater. with his halfbrothers, was then sent to Home, under the care of Agrippa, to receive an education betitting a prince

about

lis

lie.



and

(

His Machi-

sion.

jialrician Ki n.c. I. .Vnlipater's life, from the day of his mother's return to favor and of his own recall to the jialaee of .Tenisilem. was one continuous endeavor lo supplant in the favor of his father all the other members of the Herodian family, and linally. when this object

was well-nigh achieved,

to gain pos.ses-

through parricide, of the throne of Juilea. While at Honn-. . tipatcr nations. tried to iiilluence Herod against .Vle.xander and Aristobulus. who were apparently the favorites:

insinuating that these sons of

Mariamne

lo avenge their mothirs death on He succeeded .so well in the person of their father. his calumnies against them that Herod bniught them to Home, aei-iised llieiii before Augustus of plotting

were scheming

his overthrow, and begged of the emperor permission lo punish them. .Vugusliis probably siw- through the plot, and tein]ioi-arily reconiiled Herod with his sons. Herod returned with the three iiriiiees to Jeru.salem; and there Antipater began his machinations

Common ambition had united him with Pheroras anil Salome; and a plot was concocted to jKiison Herod. Antipater had also succeeded in gaining Ihe confidence of Alexander and Aristobulus. especially of the former, and could eonse(|nently pursue with ease his jilaii for their ruin. .Vfter cast-

afresh.

ing suspicion upon he two luinees I

liy

innueiidos and

secret accusations, he persuaded Herod to torture the servants of the palace into revealing what they knew of the alleged infidelity of his sons. Some of these confessed ihal thesonsof Mariamne were plotting to as.sassinate till' king: and Alexander and Aristobulus were (-onsei|ueiitly cast into prison. The

former pretended to acknowledge his

guilt, and impli(-ated in his confession Pheroras. who was thereupon banished to his telrarchy; but not a word did

he breathe against .Vnlipater. so well had Ihe latter beguiled him. Augustus reluctantly granted Herod permission to banish or execute his two prisoners; and it was on the occasion of this peculiar request that Augustus is said lo have exclaimed: "I would ralher be of Herod's swine than of his sons " (Macrobins. ii.

4).

"

Satnrnalium Conviviorum Libri Septem,"