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638 Antipaa Antipater

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

the thirteenth century, licly read on Hanukknh (Isiiiah <le Trani. in liis Lemberii, 3I/<), probably

as in

is

known,

was pub-

it

the Italian synasiogues

"Scholia

"

on Suk.

44A. ed.

in the Hebrew translation that had been made at a (|uile early This part that it had in the rit Held in liale. High Esti- ual seems to have been peculiar to Italy; and to this is due the fact that mation.

the Megillah iscontained in one of the number of manoldest Italian Mahzorim (1568). uscript Tomh scrolls, of various oriirliis and dates, also contain the Jlegillah. which eitlicr follows the Pentat<'uch or is found among the Five Megillot. From this it isevidcnt that the .M<'i.'illali was classed almost in thesame rank as the canonical books. E.cc'pt in the ritual that at present obtains in Yemen, the Megillah has disappeared from the liturgy.

A

BlBi-IOORAPnv: Gastcr. In Tratittacliimn nf the yinth Iiitrrnaliniinl CimnrcsK nf OricntalMK. il. i'.ii. London, l»!tt IronTainint; it coiiiplete list of the nuinuscrlpl.s and t'iV Snticn IV^tr dif Kiimpfe d, Mn}ihiil>ili r ; Jelllnek, in B.H. 1. 2.'-ii, vl. 7-»: Kapoixirt, in Bil.h un h(t-'lllim, xli.8(P,Sl; s«'har<>r, Gf«di.l. 123: Krauss. in lltv. KI.JuivcK, XXX. 214 el Kcq., XXXV, 222 c( ncq. ; steinsflinelder. Cat. Itixll. col. 3118. Editions: First edition of the Ilelirew text, Naples, H91 : cditio princcps of the Aramaic, edited by Filipowski,

together vith hi.s MUthar ha-l'eniniitu I.i)ndon, IHM another .AIS.: Gaster, I.e. pp. 17-27: Jellinek, B. II. Helirew, Besides these there are many rei. 142-146, Aramaic, v1. 4^. print.s. Translations: Latin: in Bartolwci, Bihlinlliien Mimtin liahhiniea^ 1. 3iehu.-t (no jilace or date given, but pmhably Prasrue and the eighteenth centuryi Spanish Ncs nanukhalt (no date or place given, but probably of the nineteenth centurv),







L. G.

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and incidentjdly against Antipas Augustus nilitied the terms of the last will. I'pon several occasions, during his rule of the tetrarchy. Antipas apjiealed to Uonie for extension of

chelaus

his territory.

Hut his scheming and petitions were

of no avail, and his final appeal to C'aligida for further adtlition to his dominion was fruitless and only hastened his ruin. It is, therefore, either as a general expre.xsiiin of authority and power, or in cognizance of the fact that the royal title was always i)orue by some member of the Herodian family (Archelaus was then no longer ruling), that the epithet " king " is used (iiidy once) in the Xc'W Testament in sjieaking of Antipas! .Mark. vi. 11). Wherever else in the New Teslanient he is mentioned, the title given to him is, generally," tetrarch": the name .Vntiiias never occurs there. Herod being the only name used (Matt. xiv. 1; Luke. iii. 1, 19. and i.. 7). Josephus. who. in the tirst jiart of the " History of the Jewish War," speaks of iiim as Antijias. calls him Herod in relating the division of Jmlea; adding to the name the phrase, "he who was called Antipas "(" H. J." ii. 9. ^ 1). but using simply the iiatronymic thniughdiit the rest of his work. In the English translation of Gnietz (ii. 114), Herod is spoken of as Antipas I. but this use of the Roman numeral is evidently unwarranted. Though Antipas was by nature iiusillnnimous, cringing before higher authority, and at times .savagely cruel, he .seems, nevertheless, to have allowed to his subjects a certain amount of independence. His main elTorts as a ruler were directed toward the adornment of towns that already existed, and the establishment of new ones. He rebuilt lieth-Hanm (Betharainptha), in the south of Perea, and called he next reconstructed and enlarged his capit Livias ital, Sepphoris; and then made into a town the fortress Macherus, on the eastern shore Hakes Ex- of the Dead Sea, rebuilding the fortress tensive itself and erecting a niagniticent ]ialImprove- ace. It was ])iobably in this i)alace ments, that John the H:iptist i)reached and was afterward imprisoned. Antipas' crowning eHort in this direction was the building (2-4-20) of the town of Tiberias on Lake Gennesaret in Galilee, which he arranged more on the plan of a Greek than of a Judean city, with a stadium and a splendid ]ial;ice the walls of the latter being iidorned with figures, and even the government (if the town being on Greek lines, with a council of (iOO members, an archon, and a committee of the ten first (oi iina -purm). The name given to the town was in honor of the ruling enqieror, Tibenus. As soon as its con.struction was coni|>leted Antipas moved his court thither; and Tiberias thereafter became the permanenl capital of Galilee. The relations of Antipas with the court of Rome and with its various emissaries in Asia were never Augustus, it has been said, openly excordial. pressed his contempt for the tetrarch; though the marriage of Antipas with the daughter of Aretas was contracted, probably, for the sole purpose of pleasing the emperor, who greatly favored the alliance of Roman otficials with foreign ]irincesses, and though the new name (Livias) given to Hethllaran was intended as a mark of honor to Livia. the wife of Augustus. L'nder Tiberius constiint intrigue* to gain the emperor's favor were carried on between Antipas and the other influential Roman ofticials. In this way he in one instance brought ui)on himThis proconsul had arself the enmity of Vitellius. ranged an exiiedition against Artabanus HI., king of Parthia: but being ordered by Tiberius to come to ]ieaceful terms, he met the Parthian on a bridge thrown across the Euphrates for this very purpose.



ANTIPAS (HEROD ANTIPAS)



Seventh

or third, as in Dean Farrar's biography of the Heiodsl and. at the lime of his father's death, youngest son of Herod the (Jreat by his Samaiitan wife, JIalthaee. The exact date of his birth can not be ascertained, but it nmst certainly have occurred before 20 n.c. He died in exile about the year 39. Antipas, like most of the other members of his family, was educated at Home, and kept in close touch with the imperial court. Little is known of his mode of life or of his activity before his accession to power, though his later acts do not lead to the supposition that he had been superior in virtue to his half-brothers, or, indeed, to most of the inilrician youths brought up near the palace. From two Greek inscriptions one from the island of Kos, and the other from Delos " C. I. G. " No. 2502 " Bulletin de Correspondances Ilelleniques," iii. 3(i5)— it is apparent that lie traveled extensively, though it can licit be ascertained at what period of his life. Upon the discovery of Antipater's attempt to poison his father, Herod the Great appointed Antipas his successor to the throne of Judea; but either, as some state, on accoimt of the severe illness that had a.irain befallen him, or owing to the fear of dire consequences in leaving the whole kingdom in the hands of his youngest son, Herod divided .ludea into several districts, and in his last will (about 4 n.r.) bequeathed to Antipas nothing but the tetrarchy of Galilee and Perea, which brought its ruler an income of 200 talents; giving to another son by Malthace, Archelaus, the right to the title of " king fif Judea." Antipas did not acquiesce in Becomes this new partition of his father's doTetrarch. minions. He went to Koine, accompanied liy the rhetorician Ircneus. and chdmcd the kingdom in accordance with Herod's earlier will; but though a deputation of fifty Jews had reached the imperial court to plead against Ar(lint >ilh, ;is slulcil in tJiaefz.

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638