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619 Ant

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

619

Tin- "SefiT liaBerit" (cd. Brllnn, 179!), 7iti) dismale, female, and iieuler {Krft/cim) ants. Tlic lirst tv(i, (in reatliinijr maturity, acquire wings and Hy, wliile upon the neuters devolve not only all I lie work, but also the hatclunij; of the eggs, of which a single female lavs no less than s.OdO. tiiiiiuislics

M ANTEDILXTVIANS, BOOK

Cit.— I. M. C.

OF.

See Apoc-

conversionto.Iudaismof the Chazars.a Turanian tribe in S(mth Hussia. from whom, it is suggested, most of the Russian Jews, who form about half of contemporary Israelites, are descended; (")) the marked dillerence in type to be observed among contemporary Jews. To these arguments the upholders of the purity of the race reply: (1) mentioned in the

Purity of Race.

nvrii A.

ANTELOPE



(

Ine of a variety of ruminants many respects. The Revised

nseniljliag thedi'er in

Anthropology

The intermarriages liible

number and with cognate

are

lew

tribes;

in (2)

luoselytes were the cliief sources from which the early Christian Churchdrew its members, thus removing them from contact with Judaism (8) the severity of the i)iuiisliment attached by the Church to intermarria.ire proves liow infrequent intermarriages must have been; (4) the conversion of the Cha/.ars was merely nominal, and it has left traces on only the few Karaites of .South Rii.ssia: the other Russian Jews came from Germany, as is shown by the German dialect they use; {>) the dilTerences of type may have been produced by .social ditferences and are not so great when a series is taken into consideration. The upholders of the i>iirily point out: ((i) That cohiiiiiiii. or members of the priestly caste, were anil are not allowed to marry a proselyte, and must, therefore, have lireserved their purity of descent (7) that the marked resemblance of Jewesses throughout the world, showing as they do less variation among the females of the race, conforms to the biological test of purity of breed (S) that mixed marriages in the present day are markedly infertile, which would reduce the ilitluence of such intermarriages in an increasing geometrical ratio; (9) the ratify of instances in historical sources of proselyfisni in mi.xed marriages since the Middle Ages; I'dl flu' |irepofency of Jewish blood, as shown by the markiii .lewisli lype of even the remoter offspring of Jews that have intermarried; (11) the stringent social separation, which can be historically proved throughout the Christian centuries; (12) the existence of marked Jewish type in the features and bodily measurements of contemporary Jews wherever found. JleasureiiKiits of .lews liave been taken sporadically in most Kuropean countries with the following results: The average height of Jews is 102.1 cm.; span of arms. 1(19. 1 cm. ami girth around the chest, about 81 cm.: so that they are the shortest andnar rowesi of Europeans. Their skidls are mainly biiichyceplialic; that is. the bn'adth is generally over HO per cent of the length. This has been used as an argument against the purity of race. Anthro- as most Semites like the Arabs and pometry. Syrians are dolichocephalic, or longheaded. But. as Jewish skulls are almost the broadest in all Europe, it is dillicult to say how this characteristic could have arisle has the word "Antelope" twice «s a translation for "ixn" (Dent. .iv, Isa. li. 20); liut this lianslation can not be justified. For want of other sources tradition alone can establish the identity of the animal; and tradition translates ti-'i as wild o. (Tosef., Ivil. i. 9; llul. ^0.0. G. B. L.

Version of the

.'>.

ANTHROPOLOGY



The

science of man. espe-

cially In his |ph ^i< al aspects, and of the climatic social envininmenis delerminini; thns<' aspects.

and

The

Anthropology of the .l<'ws. who. either racially or form a separate portion of mankind, should

socially,

be of special interest to students of the science as bearing upon its centnd problem: namely, whether the similarities ob.serv<'d among <lilTei'ent classes of mankind are due to " nature " or to " nurture "; that is. to ouuiion aneeslry or to common environment. If .lews are wholly of one nice, the dilTerence ])rodiiicd among them by variations of social eiivinai iiieni should form a suitable sphere of iii(|uiry: if they are not of one race, it is of interest to the scientist to ascertain how the markeil similarities between .lews of dilTerent climes have been produced. Much turns upon th<' preliminary (|uestion whether contemporary .Ii-ws are of the same race as those menI

tioneil in the Itible.

The

general arguments hitherto advanced against purity of Ihi- .le« ish race are: (I) Tl videiiee Ihal ill Bible times the .li'svs intermarried with surnaindingnations; (.') thefreipient reference to pros*'lytes in early {'hrislian literature; i'.U the prohibition of intirmarriiii,'e repealed in many of the couikIIs of the Church implies fic'ipicnt infringements; (1) the Ihi'



—

—

surrounding ]ieoples in Europe, except Galicia. The hair i< also darker: on the average 15 per cent Iiav iiig blaik hair as against 'A to 4 percent in the general European populations. Curiously i^nough. there a larger proportion of red haired men among Jews than in any other nice; pos.sibly due to want of luitrition. Jewes-ses seem to be more keen-sighted and to have gn^ater strength of grip than other women. Among Jews about one fifth have blue eyes, against one third in the geneial ]>opiilations. .Utogeiher about oiii' fourth of the .liws can be described as fair, as au'ainst one half of the poptdalions among whom Ihi'v dwell. The nose is genendly considerc'd the ehanicferisti<- feature of the Jews, who have, on the avenige. the longest (77 mm.) and narrowest (34 mm.). Its cliaracteristic shape is due is