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607 expanse of heaven, " are railed the " birds of heaven" Hence, a new group obtained by that is, of the air. the subdivision of th<' first group into animals of the air and animals (jf the water.



A

third factt)r was the mode of propagation. Just as we are in the habit of grouping together all or, to useless and all troublesome small vegetation lie more accurate, as in the Linneau system all plants

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having an obscure mode of fertilization were thrown into one large family, in contrast with flowering plants .so in the Bible all inferior animals whose way of jiropagating escajies the popular attention were designated by a eonunon name y)^> {.s/icrcz);

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"fast breeding [animals]," or

practical equivalent jyoi (reiiien), "that which moves in large masses." This factor creates two new groups, inasmuch as it involves the subdivision of the terrestrial animals into {n) higher ([uadrupeds or "animals of the earth" proper, and (h) lower quadrupeds and reptiles, or sherez and remes (see, for the rendering of these two appellatives. Fish and Reptii.es). The same sulidivision was made for the aquatic animals thus divided into ((0 tduniniin (/edoliiit, or cetaceous

that

is,

its

animals, and (h) shcrcz, vetiies. Finally, the fourth factor which gave the last and finishing touch to the division of animals as we is the relation of animals to tind it in Gen. i. 20-2J) man from a practical point of view; that is, their The animals possible utility, as food or helpers. that were of special usefulness to man, whether domesticated or ncpt, received the common appellative of noni that is, iiiT'ording to current etymology, " dundi animals " while the others retained the more general name of "animals of the earth." This last line of division is not well marked in all the books of the Bible. The name liehnnah. is .s(mietimes extended to all large quadrupeds, whether usefid to man or not, just as the Inlinnot are frequently thrown in with the other iiuadrupeds, or "animals of the earth " but we lind also the two groups registered side by side, for instance (besides Gen. i. 20-25), in Gen. i. 26 (according to the Septuagint and Syriac, Gen. vii. 14, ix. 10). To sum up. in accordance with the four factors mentioned origin, habitat, ]>ropagation, tisefulness the Animals of the Bible are classitied as follows: First group, "animals of the earth " proper; second third grouj), remes, or reptiles; group, behemot fourth group, birds; tifth group, sherez proper, or Besides this classititislies; sixth griiuji, cetaceans. cation into six groupsand the one into four, we lind in the Bible another division into five groups; that is: (1)" animals of the earth "; (2) behemot; (Ji) birds; (4) rei)tiles; (.">) lish (Gen. i. 24. 2(>l, according to Septuagint and Syriac, Gen. vii. 14. ix. 10. If we now observe thai in thedivision into four groupsthe quadrup<'ds an> called inditferently "animals of the earth," or "behemot," it becomes plain (bat both the division into five and the one into four were obtaineil from the more comi>lete classification bj' eliminating such groups of animals as could be dispensed with without creating confusion. Thus, the division into fiv<' was obtaine<l from the one into six by suppressing the cetaceans, in which man. the Hebrews especially, had but little interi'sl. 'I'lius. also, thedivision into four was oblained from the one into five by selecting at one lime the behemot and al another the "animals of the earth" to represent all the quadrupeds: the former because more interesting to man; the latter, very likely, on account of greater comprehensiveness. This classification marks by no moans the last stage of a<lion of the four fa<'t<irs we have just describeil. Thus, wefindtluit the third factor brouglit

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Animal Worship

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

607

—

AnisitDOV

about the adoption of a subgroup

in tiie

group of

pU' (flying from their obscure and rapid mode of propaAgain, the fourth factor created a new sec-

birds; that sherez),

gating.

is,

the insects called e^iyn

tion in the group of the behemot, the domesticated animals being distingiushed from the others by the apijellation of njpD " possession, property " (compare Latin " pecunia, peculium," from "pecus"; English " chattel " from " cattle "). Further, apparently under the influence of the same factor, the iiiikiieh was subdivided into (<0 "l'V3 ^<*. the beasts of liurden (//) ipa hiikdv, plow-animals; and (c) [SV "small animals" sheep and goats, which furnish merely food and clothing. It was also the .same factor of usefulness that caused the D'laiD barhurim, fowls, to be detached from the group of birds (I Kings, V. 3). It may be fortuitous that the cla.ssification adopted by the author of Gen. i. 20-25 stops, so to speak, half-way, recording only six groups of animals, when the factors that underlie it sugIt seems, howgested a good many more groups. ever, that it was with a view of obtaining, when added to the creation of man, the same nimibcr seven as that which suggested the division of the whole creation into six days, completing a week with the seventh day. Further subdivisions of some of the groups above mentioned betray the action of another factor. This, however, contra.sts entirely with the others, in so far as it originated from an observation of the anatomical structure of the animal itself and Thus, the birds of prey were its mode of feeding. detacheil from the groupof birds, taking the specific

name

of

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The behemot were

'''?•

tl'J?

flivided into

hoofed animals and clawed animals; the former into cloven-hoofed and non-cloven-hoofed animals; and, in their turn, each of these categories into " cud -chewing" and "non-eud-chewing," etc. This attempt at a somewhat scientific classification seems, however, to have lieen the outcome of ritualism, not of popular observation like llie more jirimitive and general grouping of which the above is a logical, not chronoSee for further discussion of these logical, analysis.

and subdivisions the article t'i.K.N. d UnAnimals; also Biuds, Cattle, Fish, Reptiles; Dietary Laws. Bnii.i(K;UAPnY Tri.stram. Fnuna and FUira nf Pahi'litie L. classes ci.?;.N





CUU-hrsWr tian> Anitnals

AN'IM ZEMIROT



tif tilt:

ii

liihlc.

(niTet DT3S^:

-^

ji

mystical

"Sliir ha Ivabod " (Hynm of Glory), ascribed to R. .ludah, the saint of Speyer (Landshuth, " Hegyon Leb," (ip. 205 if wq.), which is

hvnui.

known

as

llie

honored by many congregations with a pronunent place at the close of the morning service in associawith the I'salinof the Day ITemtlk SkuviceJ. It is likewise ri'ad on the Eve of Atonement, and in Knglish congrigations is then associated with a simple melody, conung, like the hymn, from the Rhineland, but not dating back further than the early part of the eighteenth century (see Zunz, "LiteraturFor music see next page. gcsch." p. 300). F. L. C.

tion

ANISE.

See

Dil.l..

ANISIMOV. ILIA SHARBATOVICH:

Rus-

sian civil engiiii'er bnrn in )aglieslaii. 1>^53: received his lirst education in the liDuse of iiis father. Dr.Sharbat ben Nisim. rabbi and president of the Da.irliestan.

I

He was graduated from the University Moscow, and held the position of a.ssistani mana-

cominnnily. of

ger of the Rothschild Naiihtha Company in the Caulie was the author of twiv Hebrew pamcasus, phlets on the .lewish eonunnidly of Daghestan which were ]>ublished in .lerusidiin in 181)4. In l.HNS the Ethnographical Branch of the Moscow Society of