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594 — THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

AnKelologT In the lU'brew

following

Enoch

Za'ainael, Zlklel, Za'va'el, Za'allel,

Ra'amlel. Ru'ashiel. Shalglel, Matarlel.

(Ji-llinck,

iiugi'l- princes

lljiraiUfl, fniin Imriiil. riid/i „

Bu^lel, Baraklel,

„ „ „

are

"B. H."

v. 176)

the

set over the hall.

wind.

havak

lUrhtnlnK.

za'ain

storm.

zik.

gliiw

zvit'ol

whirlwind.

za'af,

hurricane.

ra'am

,.

rn'tmh

thunder. earthquake.

,.

ohckg motnr

Shamslel,

„

nhrmegh

Lallabel. GalKallel. Ofanlel.

,.

lailali

nlirlit.

„

galgal,

,.

o/aii,

wheel of the sun. wheel nf the UHKin.

Kokblel. Rehatlel,

„ „

r,

stars. set over the planets.

A few of these names recur in Enoch, viii. and Ixix. The angel of hail is introduced under the obscure name of Yurkemo (Pes. 118(i). The angel of night is called Lailah (Saiih. 16<M. The one set over the sea. yam (Gen. R. x), is called HahulxH. R. 74/-, lie was slain by God at the after Job. xxvi. 12). Creation, because he refused to swallow the water for the ilrying of the land: and liis body is covered Sar shel

by water

"lest all

creatures should

iieiisli

from

liis

The angel set over stench (compare also Pes. 1 184). the rain is Ridya. S'Tl ("llie Irrigator"); according to

Kohut. "Jild. Angelologie,"p.

sian, Areihii/iD). Anhii):

Ta'anit,

4.5,

Rediyao (Per-

'2V>;

Yoma.

21(/

"lie resembles a calf, and is stationed between the upper and the lower abyss, sjiying to the one, Let your waters run down '; and to the other, Let your waters spring up. " Of the seven names of the earth (Ab. R. N. ^1, xxxvii.; Pesik. R. K. 15.5rt) .seven angel names were formed: (1) Arziel. (2) Admael, (I^) Harabael,(4) Yabbashael. (.5) 'Arkiel (compare 'Arkas. Slavonic Book of Enoch, xxiv. 2), (6) Haldiel. and(7)Tebliel. They were stationed in the (liiishi):

'

'

"

Merkabali de-Rabbi Ishmael " in Wertheimcr's "Bate Midrashot," i. 22. An angel set over the beasts is mentioned in Hermas' " Visions," iv. 2; his name isThegri (see Hckalot. vi.) (Turiel = "bull-god." Jerome on Hab. i. 14). In Abraham of Granada's " Berit Menuhah," p. 37. are mentioned the angel Jel.iiel (HayyelV), set over the wild beasts; 'Anpiel, over the birds; Hariel (Behemiel), over the tame beasts: Shakziel, over the water-insects; Dagiel, over the fish; Ilaniel, over the fruit-bearing trees; Serakel, over the trees not bearing fruit. "There is not a stalk on earth that has not its second heaven (see

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angelic star [nidUdl] in heaven " (Gen. R. x. ) a gen" Every single flower is apuinely Persian notion. propriate to an angel" ("Bundahisli." xxvii. 24). AJready in Dan" x. 20-21. the idea prevails that each nation has a heavenly guardian angel or prince. In Enoch, Ixxxix. .59, the seventy shepherds are the guardian angels of the seventy nations over whom Michael, as Israel's angel-prince, is set as ruler. With these seventy -one angel-princes Guardians of the world God sits in council when liolding judgment over the world of the

Nations.

whom

Jacob wrestled was the angel-prince of R. Ixxvii.). Samael, thehead of all 8atans The name of the angel (Tan.. Wayishlah. ii. 25). of Egvi'l is Mizraim (Ex. R. xxi.) or Uz/.a (Midr. Wayosha- Jellinek, "B. H." i. 39; Hekalot, v. 172); that of Persia's angel-prince is Dubbiel (= Beargod; Yoma, 77(1, after l)an. vii. 5). But Michael, the angel-prince of Jerusalem (Zion, Targ, Ps. cxxxvii. 7-8), is set over all the seventy angels (.Midr. Abkir: Yalk., Gen. S 132). There is. however, a special angel-prince set over the worid. Stir ha-'olam (Yeb. 166, Hul. 60.(, Sanh, 94: Wiener, "Bin Chananja," ix. 600; Kohut, "Jild. Angelologie," p, 42), with Metatron. In order fully to resemble the court of the Persian King of Kings, the heavenly court is put in chariic of a vice-regent, the*";' hn-l'mtimV prince of the divine face"). According to the Testament of Job (lii.), this vice-regent "sitteth upon the great chariot " (see Kohler, " Semitic Studies,"p. 299) he is, according to Philo "On Dreams" (i. 2.5), "the driver of the chariot " (l/vmxn^ apuarof). His " name is like the name of his Master" (Sanh. 38A. according to Ex. xxiii. 21), known under the name of "Metatron" (Mithra: see Dio Chry.sostomus. "Oratio," xxxvi. with



wind (orconiet).

„ „

S94

Edom(Gen.

named:

.,

..



(Hebrew Enoch;

Jellinek, "B. H." v. each pleading the cause of his nation before God (Targ. Yer. Gen. xi. 7-8. Pirke R. El. xxiv.). At times they accuse Israel (Pesik. xxvii. fi); at times they tind especial merit in him 181);

(Suk. 29a). They are the "gods" whom the Lord crushes before He executes His punishment upon the nations in their charge (Suk. 29(/. according to Ex. xii. 12; Sotah. 9(/). These angel-princes of the nations of Babel, Jledia, Greece, Syria, and Rome Jacob saw in his dream ascending and descending the ladder (Gen. R. Ixviii., Pesik. xxiii. ISla). The angel

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Windischmann, "Zoroastrische Studien." pp. 309312; frequently explained as "Metator." "Metathronos,"and " Jletatyranos." See Sachs, "Beitriige," i, 108: Frank," Kal'ibala," p. 43; Jellinek," B. II. "ii. 30; Levy, "Chal. WOrterb. " «. r. Kohut, "Aruch,"«.r.). This vice-regent is probably identical with the archangel Jehoel mentioned in Apoc. Abraham, x.. as mediator of the ineffable name of God; also with Yehadriel (" Hekalot " in Jellinek, " B. H. " ii. 47) and IH-rhaps also with Akathriel, the occupant of God's throne (Ber. 7(i). But alongside of Jletatnm is mentioned in "Maseket Azilut " (based on job. xli. 9). as " brother " and above him, Sandalfon, explained as Synadelphon (" twin-brother ") and as " Sardonyx " (see Jellinek, in "Ben Chananja," iv. 182. 329, 36.5; compare Slavonic Book of Enocii, xxv.). The hiterCabala places Akathriel above the twin-brothers Metatron (= Enoch) and Sandalfon (= Elijah) (see Yalk. Hadash, s.r. "Malakim," jip. 3.8-39). Of well-nigh' equal rank with Metatron are Sandalfon and Akathriel ("the crown of God "; Ber. 7<0. Beneath the.se are the seven heavens with Michael, Gabriel, Shateiel ("angel of silence"), Shahakiel, ("angel of shahakim"), Baradiel, Barakiel, and Sadriel ("angel of order") as chiefs: and beneath them in the Velon, Galgaliel, and Ofaniel, Relmticl, and Kokbiel as the angels of sun-wheel, moon-wheel, planets, and the other stars with all their hosts: the seventy-two angel-princes of the nations being stationed above these (Hekalot, published by Jellinek, "Kontros ha-Maggid," pp. 81 it nft/.). Besides these, sixty-three angels are mentioned as janitors of the seven heavens (" Hekalot," xv, Jellinek, " B. H." iii. et seq.), and others stationed at each of the seven heavens as seal-bearers ihid. x vii.-xxii. ) and above all these, as head and chief, Anfiel, whose crown "branches out" to "cover the heaven with the divine majesty" (Hab. iii. 3). Jlention is made also of Ofaniel. Seraphiel, Cherubiel, as chiefs of the ofanim, seraphim, and cherubim; of Rikbiel and Hailael (Hayael?) as chiefs of the divine chariot and Dabriel as the hayyot'; Sofriel as " bookkeeper " interpreter of the "word''; Kafziel ("speed of God"); Hadriel, or Hadraniel ("majesty of God");





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