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592 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

AuRelolo^y

hayyot, lest their Oery tm-atli TOnsiime the niliilsti'riiiK nnsrcls. Fluiilly. till' inKip of 111.- uiltrhly iinKi-ls sUiiiilliiK iinnincl llif loiisuine Mii«-s l>y ilii' hri'iith nf throne "f iflnry thri'iiU'iusl iiiii Mcsi'ssi-lzeil the ilmiiu'iit Kli)r>' : iiml ihi- I-'inl tliflr iiiiiiith hlrii liu-iiinlliiK to Job, xxvl. »]. uiiil hv spn-ud His iliiuil "ViT " (I'fsllj. K. XX., nri'ivol tin- Law ilfspui' the p[-c>t<-sllnK uiiKcIs eil. KrlfUiiiuiiii, pp. Uti/i, 'J!yi : s<h- editor's notes). I'l



Tliis asrcusioii of SInscs is (les( libcil mori' elalioratoly iu the Shir liii Sliirim Hiililm fniixmcnt, ej. " IJiitc

WerthciiiuT,

Midnishot." iv. .Iiriisalem.

lMi)7

with tliislhc Ilikalut in .IcUimk." i. H."ii. y4/'. V. 170-liHI, yi. 110-111; also MerUabah (leK. Yishiiiael in Wcrtliiiiiicr, "Hate .Midiashot," 18!):!; ami Jellinek's iutrojuctiou to i., Jerusalem,

(compare 41^0, lii.

each of the

treatises).

knows of no ])rinciple of evil Satau is one of the the Persian Ahrimau. This sons of Goii (Job, i. 0. ii. I). Fall of the makes llie problem of evil all the more (lilliciilt. The Hiblical story of the Angels. sous of God marryiiif; the daughters of men (Gen. vi. 1-4). implyinf; the ixwsiliilily of angels lusting and sinning, suggested the idea of a fall, not only of man, Init'of pure heaveidy beings Taken together with the (Babylonian?) as well. mythology of Lucifer (Isa. xiv. 13), it seemed to take for granu'd the existence of evil siiirits working antagonist ically to God through the evil practises of Fallen angels witchcraft, astrology, and the like. became progenitors of hosts of evil spirits and seducers of men to crime and vice. Still, they were finally sulijiigated by the power of heaven, and punished by the arciiangels Haphael and Gabriel, and conseiiuently a knowledge of their names woidd This is the idea pervaenalile on<' to control them. ding the Enoch story of the fall of the angels, which Hebrew

such as

theolojiy

is

on two ditferent sources, now incorjiorated. in Aca fragmentary form, into one (Enoch, vi.-xv.). cording to the one. Azazel (Lev. .vi. HI; Targ. Yer. Is'ahmanides also a Mandican god. Brandt, "Mandiiisclie Ueligion," p. 19S) was the leader of the rebellion, and the chief debaucher of women; and his place of punishment vas in the neighborhood of Jerusiilem, by the rocks of Bet Haduda (see Charles, "Enoch," p, 72), where the scapegoat was cast down: this shows the legend to be of ancient Judean origin (compare with this the reading of the chapter on incestuous marriages on the Day of Atonement, and the song of the maiden in Ta'anit. iv. 8). According to the other, Samiaza, or Sambazai rests

592

says that the angels were created In (Jen. H. iii. H. Jolianan places the creation of the angels on the second day, referring to Ps. civ. 4. "Me maketh his angels of winds" ("who maketh winds his inesseiigers." R. v.); H. Hanina. on the tifth day, classilied them among the winged creatures (Isa, vi. 2). According to the Slavonic Book of Enoch, God The created them on the second day out of fire. bodies of angels are radiant, their faces like lightning, their eyes as fiaming torches (Prayer of As<' neth, xiv.; compare Pesik. I. 3<( Cant. K. iii. 11; The food Matt. XX viii. 3; Luke, ii. 9; Acts, xii. 7). of angels is miuina, of which Adam and Eve ate before Uicv sinned (Vita Athe ct Evic, 4; compare Akiba, Yoma, 75/) on Ps. Ixxviii. 25, and Yoma, 44 with regiird to Moses). Angels worship God at certain hours of the day (Apoc. Mosis, 17; Testament of Abraham, Ji, iv,; see James's notes, p. 121; compare Sifre. Dent. 306; Gen. K. Ixxviii.; Targ. Yer. Gen. xxxii. 27 and Ex. There are 490,000 myriads of ang<ls (the xiv. '24). Pirljc R. El. iv.

on the second day."



numerical value of the Hebrew word DiaPD sovereignty, or 499,000, the ciiuivident of nK3S hosts) glorifying God from sunrise to sunrise (Tunna debe Elivahu R. xvii., xxxi. Zu^ta, xii.; see cd. Friedman, pp. 32, 34, 193). guardian angel of Israel is mentioned in liie apocryphal Epistle of Jeremy, 7. An angel carries Ilabakkuk by the hair of his head from Judea to Babylon to bring the pottage he has prepared for Daniel in the lions' den (apocryphal additions to

A

Dan. V. 30). Angels endowed with divine knowledge (Hag. 16(0 appear in the apocalyptic and rabbinic literaThis is the so-called ture as the- teachers of men. "whisper of the angels" (mt'n "3X^0 nn't') refeiTcd to in Zuiiz. "G.V." 2d ed. 173; com|]aie p. 363



(Enoch, vi. 3-8. viii. 1-3, i.x. 7. .. 11 compare Targ. Yer. Gen. vi. 4: Midr. Abkir in Yalk,. Gen. 44; Hebrew Enoch in Jellinek, "B. H." ii). is the chief seducer. He forms the center of rabliinical groujis of legends(see (Jriinhaum. "Z. D. JI. G." .xxi. 22.5-248). As the story is presented in Enoch, the two rebel leaders, when they take the oath on Mount Ilermon to subvert the rule of heaven, have each ten chieftains and one hundreil angelsat theircommand. But the punishment they receive at the hands of Jlichael. Gabriel, Haphaej. and Uriel (Enoch, ix. 1; compare Uzza xl. 2) does not altogether annihilate them. (Sanihazai)and Azael (Azazel)still betray the secrets of heaven to King Solomon as they did in Enoch's time (.see Jellinek. " B. II." ii. Sl>"; com]iare with "B. II." V. 178). Some angels were afterward guilty of betraying divine secrets heard from behind the

curtain ninD. Ber. 18//). and were, therefore, expelled from their positions (sec Gen. K. 1.. Ixviii). Book of Jubilees, ii. 2, reads: ' The angels of the faee and of jrlorifleation, the anpi'ls of the elements (ff lire, wind, and darkne>s. of hail Creation and hour fn)sl, tlinmler and Mirhtnini;, of oold of Angels, and heat, of winter and spring, summer and fall, of the aby!« and night, of light and morning, were created on the llrst liav."

Michael initiated Adam and 'is IDD). Seth into the seciets of creation (Apoc. Jlosis, iii. 13) and tavighl Adjim agriculture (Vita Adie ct Evx, The angels Michael. Uriel, and Uaziel initi22). ated Enoch into the mysteries of the world (Book xix, of Jubilees, iv. 21 the Ethiopian Enoch, xl. 4, 1, Ixxii. 1; and Slavonic Enoch, xxii. 11, xxxiii, 6), .secret of lieaiing herbs Raphael imparted to Noah the ("Sefer Noah," Jellinek. "B. II." iii. I'l.'i: compare Book of Jubilees, x, 9-10). Jlichael initiated Abra-

(mU'n 'SK^D

.'),



into the secret lore (Tcstaineut of Abiaham, xi,The angel of the face instructed Abraham in Hebrew, the language of creation; rcveAngels lalion thus enabling him to sttidy the holy writings of the fiisl fathers (Book as Instructors. of .jubilees, xii. 2.")). The angels understJind only Hebrew (Hag. Wm; Sotah,

ham

xiv).

but the angel Gabriel knows seventy languages, of which he taught to Joseph (Sotah, 36'* comjiare Shir ha Shirim Rabbah fragment in Wertheimer, "Bate Midra.shot." iv. 2.'), where Zagzagael is mentioned as instructor in the seventy languages). Moses, who received all his knowledge from the angel of the face (Book of Jubilees, i., ii., etc.), was taught the art of he:ding by the angels when on Mount .lellinek, "15. II." i. 61), Sinai (Pirke U. El. xlvi. Vefehfiah (" Divine Beautv "), the angel of the Law, and Metatron (" the Prince" of the Face ") taught him the mvsterv of the practical Cabala (Jellinek. "B. 3.3f.

all





II."

i.

(51).

The angel ZagzagacK" Divine Splendor")

instructed .Moses in the knowledge of the Inefl'able Name (Dent. R. xi). Uriel disclosed to Ezra the mysteries of life {II Esd. iv. 1). Suriel, the angel of the face, instructed R. Ishmael b. Elisha in laws of hygiene (Ber. 01(( compare also Xed. 20n). Occa;