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578 Andi

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Andreas

where (loipis fi)nmily stnoil. The lowest arched room orisrinally hud fairly wi<k' apertures for the admission of liirht. The walls are built on oaken The depiles; and the depth of tlie hall is 36 feet. scent to the l)asin is by wide steps; and the depth of the water, which lluctiiates with the rising or fallina; of the Rhine, is never less than 2 feet. In 1337 and 1349 the Jews of Andernach siffered from persecutions; hut the date of their expulsion is not certain. In loTS they made a successful atteni))t at resettling in the town; hut their commercial priviAhout the close of the sixleges were restricted. teenth century, in consequence of fighting in the surrounding villages, a great many Jews sought safety Again, at in the citv. hut were driven out in lo97. the time of thcTlnrty Years' war (1618-48), the Jews took refuge in Andernach. From 1655 to 1860 no Jews livecl in the city; but in 1!)00 there were 22 Jews in a total population of 6,853.

Bibliography:

Hcioniger,

Das Juiicrufchrrinxhuch iter Lan'A, p.!): Salfeld. Dax Martuniln-

renzpfarre zu Kiiln, No.

yUrnln-rwr Mrinurhurtit s,

p]^. ZiiK 2S.'>: UrhttnGettch. d. Jtulen im Mittthillt r. in '>rkHf, iv. ;jt><i: Ge«ch. il. Jwlcii in Aiiilirniuli. in JIM. LU.-ItlatI, inpiiiv Xkderrhein18S7, Nos. '.H-Xi. on tin- JwUnlmd iecher Gcschichtiffrcund, l(*«i, Nos. 9. 10. 12, Hi.

giunnit'S

den zur

Zur

A. F.

ANDI (ANDIES

Kussian, Andltzy) : One of the wild Lesgliian tribes of the province of Tersk Like the Tabas(Terek) and northern Daghestau. Siiruns and other Caucasian tribes, tlie Andi claim to be of Israeliti.sh oiigin. They number about 20,000, and were conquered by Russia in June, 1845. The Andi language has not yet been fully investigated. It does not belong to the eastern group of the mountain languages of Caucasia, nor can it be classed as Semitic.

BIBMOGRAPIIV

I. Berchin. in Vnxl.hnd. NnvemloT. IlwfmliiT. 18Si, p. l-t-'i; fslar, iirhitl,, (7in>i'i^iii.-(i-iT. i-ic. in Slmniil. .Nadi.zhilin. Svil€djii.ni n Kavk(tz.'<LUih (iortzahlt. iMJVt. ii. i:{ Kavkazski Krai, IsiB, p. If'J.

n. R.

ANDRADA, SALVADOR D'

One of the ear New Ymk, his name being

Jewish settlers in encountered in 16-55. He appears to have been more wealthy than most of his associates, was actively engaged in commerce, and was one of the leailers in the measures adopted to enforce the civil and political rights of the Jews during the Dutch liest

first

He

asserted the rights of the Jews to own and demanded the recognition of their privileges as Dutch citizens, of their right to equal ity in taxation, and to trade throughout the Dutch period.

real estate,

possessions in New Xetherlands. His family name occurs in various connections in the seventeenth century among the Maranos settled in Brazil, Mexico,

and the West

Indies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Publications of the American Jcicish torical Sucietu, lU. 76.

i/i.«-

vi. 88.

M.

ANDRADE, ABRAHAM

K.

J.

French rabbi born qiiarlerot the ciLdilceiitli cenliirv; died at Bordeaux, 1836. During the Reign of Terror (179:i94) his energy and eloquence prevented the erection of a guillotine in the market-place of St. Esprit (near Bayonne), and instead of the guillotine the town was adorned with a statue of Jean Jaciiues Rousseau. He was an active member of the Great .Smhedrin which met at Paris in 1807. While rabbi at St. Esjirit he was elected "deputy of the Jewish nation" to the assembly of notables convoked by Jsapoleon I. in 1806. He wason the committeeof nine charged with the organization of the Sanhedrin. and devoted himself in a serious and broad minded spirit to the work in

till-

last





578

of that body. In 1H09 he was elevated to the office of chief nibbi of Bordeaux, in which position he remained till his death, maintaining friendly relations with the authorities of the Catholic Ciiurcli. I.

ANDRADE. VELOSINO JACOB

L.

DE:

Physiborn in l'iriKiinliiiii> 1057, n{ Portuguese parciiin ents, who had, like many other >hininos, tied loIBrazil after it had become a Dutch colony. When the Portuguese again took possession of Brazil, Andrjulc went lo Holland, and became a successful inedicid

])niclilioiier at

moved

The Hague.

lo .Vntwerp.

He subse(|Ueiilly reHe wrote a ]>i>lemical work

against Spinoza's i)hilosophy entillid "Theologo Keligioso Contra el Theologo Politico de B. de Espinosa. "and translated Saul Morteira's"Torat.Moslieh" into Portuguese under the title " Epitome de la Verdad de la Ley de Moyses. " When Isaac Jaquelot, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church in The Hague, published his work on the Messianic jirophccics of the Old Testiiment. "Dissertations sur le Messie, ofi Ton Piouvciiux .luifs, ([lie Jesus Christ est le Messie Promis et Predit dans I'Ancien Testament " (The Hagiu', 1699), Andrade wrote a defense of Judaism in six volumes under the title "Messias Restaurado Contm el Libro de M. Jaquelot. Intitulado: Di.ssertaciones Sobre el Mes.sias " (The Restored Jlessiah, Against M. .Jaquelot's Book, Entitled; Dissertation Concerning the Messiah), It

A

has remained

in

manuscript.

Biiii.ioiiRArnv: Kavsi-rlinB. in Hehr. idi-Ui, Bilil. E.ij.-iiii.Jud.

Blbl. 1860,

ill.

59;

.W.

pp. 12, 13.

D.

ANDREA DE MONTI. See Joseph ?ahfati. ANDREAS II. See Hungary. ANDREAS: A legendary Jewish pope.

Accordan old Spanish document <liscovered among by Eliezer Ashkenazi, the some penitential liturgies iiig to

"Ta'am Zekenim " (Frankfort-on-the-.Main, Andreas was a .Jew who, upon becoming a Christian, distinguished himself so markedly as to become successively cardinal sind pope. During his

editor of 1854),

pontificate, it is alleged, a calumny was lodged against the Jews, as the result of which an outbreak of the popidace was imminent. At the critical moment, however, the pope aiipeared on the scene and, by delivering a sjieech in favor of the .Jews, he succeeded in sul)duing the po]iular passion. The .Jews thereupon sent a delegation of their most prominent and learned men to bear to the pontiff the expression of their gratitude. In response the pope handed to the delegates a eeli?ffifi. or penitential prayer, which he had composed in the sacred tongiie, and which he now requested them to spread broadcast among all Jewish comnuinities, and to have incorporated in their I)ooks of prayer. This they did. The prayer bore the pope's signature " Andreas," though in lu-int one letter was Inverted (compare " Ta'am Zekenim," p. 11, note,

pp. 46

and Landshuth,"'Ammude ha-'Abodah,"

et "eq.).

The legend of Andreas, which, in point of the liturgic authorship, is based ipon the legends of Ei.i.iAii and St. Pkter, must be regarded as a variant of that peculiar story concerning a .Jewish pope which fouii<l a wide circulation in the .Jevries of the Middle Ages. That .Vndreas is in this case the name of the pope, while in other versions only his former .Jewish name Elhanan appears, is no proof against the essential unity of the legend. Dating its origin from the beginning of the fourteenth century, as is most iirobable. the legend went through many phases of adaptation. It appeared, in almost