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575 |iiiDaiitis(Hic vision literature, "I Prctursori di Dilute" (Tlic KDrcrumicrs of Dante), Florcncf, 1874; hut liotli of these works marked a new em in the treatment of the suhjeet, and hoth are As Iiiter- indispensahle even at the present day ary Clitic, for their wealtli of information and their thoroiiiihness of discussion. To Ihi- "Vita Nnova " D'Aneona apju'iided liissludy of Beatrice, which he had lirst made known at Florence in the form of a lecture, and in this "essiiy " tlie author presents the first lofrieal conce|)lion of Dante's famous personage, inakin.i; of lier an actual living lieing and not a mere phantom. From among the many studies liy DAiicona on single topics or indi vidual writers of medieval Italy tin' most iinjiortant are the following: "11 'Contraslo' di Ciullo d'Alcamo " (The "Contrast " of Vizeii] Ciidlo d'Alcamo; Bologna, 18T4), which was inspired by the healed di.scussion among literary historians as to the e.vact form of this poet's name and that of the .single poem lie hail composed. He resumed this subject on several occasions, and in 1HS4 published an cssiiy the title of which sultices to indicate the change of opinion that had taken place in D'Aiiconas views: "11 Contraslo di C'ielo dal Camo" (The CoiilrasI of Heaven IjyCamo; in "Stiidj sulla Letteralura Ilaliana de' Primi Secoli," Aiu'ona. 1>*S4; this work contains also a stuily on .laeopone di Todi): " Le Odi di Giuseppe Parini " (The Odes of Giuseppe Parini: Florence, is.-<4i; "II Tesoro di Hrnnetio Latino" (The Treasure, by ISrunello Lalini; Rome, 188!)). till-

(

Ales-andro

Ancona, Alessaudro d' Andalusia

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

675

d'An<-ona coiilribulc<l to numerous much of his best work on

learned periodic.ils. and

medieval Italian lilerature

coiilained in shorter articles. Thus in the philological journal " Uomania" (edited in Paris by Gaston Paris and Paul is

Meyer) he published a study on Ceccod'Angioglieri, ami in the "I{ivista Italiana" (published at .'iilan). an elaborate essjiy on Convenevolc da Plato, the teacher of Petrarch a theme that ten years later he resumed in the ".Stiiilj sulla Letteralura Italiana dc'

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Primi Secoli." alreaily mentioned. He collaborated als<j on the " Hivista di Filologia Homanza " and its sequel, the "Giornaledi Filologia Homanza" (edited at Home by Monaei), the "Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana," the " Propugnatore " of Bologna, the"Nuova Antologia," the " Hiissegna Setteiiianale." etc. Several other interesting contributions of his to the study of medieval Italian lore appeared in occasional minor publications, as, for insiaiice, in "per iiozzc " (or festive writings on the event of a friend's marriage).

Though DAncona's fame is due entirely to the part he took in the creation, in Italy, of a scientific school of literary history, and to the jiosition he held as a student of romance philology, h<' by no means limit ed his studies to the literature of the Aliddle .ges, nor dill he sever his conneilions with the political and social movements of the day. Not only ilo occasional pa.s.sages in his philological works, by the (lirictness of the remarks and the radical tenclency of the ideas i'.vpres.m'd, recall the former journalist of the " Nazionale " period, but upon several occasions as univei-sity profes.sor lie showed both the vivid interest he tk in all national and local (lUcstions. and his earnest zeal in their solution. In a discourse at the opening of the I'niversity of Pisa for the year 1S7."), he chose as a theme the "Conception of Political I'nily Throughout Italy" (II Concetto di'ir I'liilA Politiea iiei Paesi Ilaliani: Pisa, IHT.*!). In the collection, too. of essays on various topics, published in two series under the title "Varieta Storiche i' Lettcnirie" (Milan, IMHa-AT), tlieii' are several discussions of a politi<iil ehanicter.

notably one on Charles Albert, and anotluT entithd "Unity and Federation," on the Italian "liberation" literature of 1792-1S14. In the .same collection an essay, " Ugo Foscolo Judged by an Alienist," though intended as a luotest against the grouping together of the " heroes of the assize courts and the gallows " with the sublime poet of the "Grazie," is in reality a criticism of the favorite theories of D'Ancona's friend Cesare Lombroso. The work of D'Aneona in the field of modern literature is of wide scojie. Worthy of special mention are his es.sjiys on " Secretary of Altieri " and " Alfred de Musset on Italy," both in the " Varieta Storiche e Letteiarie" (2(1 series, jip. 147 ct Kit/., 185 et xir/.). and the article in the "Nuova Antologia" for 1878 on the " Family of (Jiacomo I.eopardi." Ales.sandro d'Ancona still tills the chair of Italian literature at the I'liiversity of Pisa, and occupies besides the position of vice-president and director of the Regia Scuola Xormale Su|)eriore of Pisa. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences (class of moral sciences). Among his numerous pupils the two that have achieved the greatest distinction as iihilologisls arePio Rajna and Francesco d'Ovidio.

A

BinuoGRAPiiY: A. de Gubenxalis, Dictionnaire International (le» Eerimmn ilu Jmir. s.v. D'^^lHcoim ; G. Boccardo, Xuova Enciclitjmlia Italiana (Turin), suppl. 1., s.v. ; La Grande

Eneychiphlic^

s.v.

W. M.

ANCONA, JACOB BEN ELIA

D'



Copyist;

lived at the end of the tifteenlh century. schneider states ("Ilcbr. Bibl."xx. 12fi) that

Stein-

Ancona

some anonymous commentaries on the Kesef" of Ezobi and on the " Hel.iinat 'Dlam." The latter work bears the date of the 2d

copied

"Iva'arat

Adar,

.ji.").-)

(U'J.'i).

The Hebrew

code. containing

these commentaries is found in the Royal Library of Turin, and consists of fortvsi.x folios. Itini.iocR.vPiiv: R. I'eyron, Cat.

Turin.

1S,S0.

V. c.

ANDALUSIA: sions ol

soiitliirn

The' largest of the ancient divi-

Spain, comprising the Moorish

kingdomsof Seville, Cordova, and Granada, with the towns of Mala.iia, Lucena (.licena), and several This m<ist beautiful portion of the IlRTian peninsula early attracted Jew s, as it had earlier utJews, both those who were tracled the Phenicians. already settlc<l there and those who served in their army, gave essential as.sistance to the followers of Islam w hen they coiKiiuTcd Spain. Afric-jin Jews, under K.fl..v .i,-Y.Mlfl)t. took part in the decisive battle nearXerez de la Fronlera, 711. The captured cities of Cordova and Seville were entrusted by the eomiuerors to the care of Jews; and the latt<'r, owing to its large Jewish population, liecame known The Jews, so long as" Villa di- Judfos " (Jews' City oppressed, were now allowed the fullest religious others.

I.

new rulers. They lived under no whatever; ami a poll ta.x (rf/ii"HiHi((/i) was the only tiscal burden laid upon them. Xotw ithslanding this, scarcely a decade later, many faithful Jews followed the psciido- Messiah SKltKXK; abaniloning their goods and homes, which were conliscated to the public tieasury. But w hen the wise and powerful Abdcr Rahman HI. (!ll-lltil) to w honi, it is .said, a Jew had foretold his fiiestablished a strong .Moorish tiir<' fame and glory kingdom in Spain, many ,Iews that hiul Ikhh sulleriiig uniler the oppression of the Fntimite califs si-tfii'idom by their

civil disabilities

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lied in Andalusia. I'ndiT Abdcr- Rahman the city of Cordova became the chief seal of learning in the