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573 cathedral bells into cannon. The papal government was ne sooner reestablished that the Jews were again tiercely assailed; even the wounded who had fought for their country were driven from the hos. pitals. In 1826 Pope Leo XII. caused the gate of the ghetto to be replaced, and the old-time perseen- tions were resumed, so that many of the Jews rmi- grated. On the night of April 2d of that year, Auna Costantini, a young girl, was turn from her family and forced into haptism. During the revolution of 1831 the gates of the ghetto were foru down, but in 1843 (June 24), in spite of the fact that the Jews of the city had contributed 12,900 scudi 10 do honor to the pope during his visit in 1841, an old decree was revived by Fra Vincenzo Soliva, Inquisitor of An coma and other districts, forbidding Jews to reside or do lusiness in any place where there was no ghetto, 10 employ Christian journeymen, to hire Christian servants, wet-nurses, or apprentices, to deal in books of any sort or in ecclesiaslical robes, etc. Bu the public sentiment, in Italy, as well as in Europe gen- erally, was so strongly against any rehabilitation of inquisitional restrictions against the Jews, that very soon after its promulgation the decree was sus- pended. It is believed that the immediate cause of the revival of these old restrictive measures was an entirely accidental neeurreme; the Inquisitor, while passing through the streets of Ancona in a cariole driven by a Jew, was nearly hurled to the ground by the horse, which suddenly look fright. The Jew was accused of having intended to overturn the prelate, and imprisone, and the agitation against the Jews soon became serious. Baron Charles Rothschild, of Naples, was among those who exerted their influence for the revocation of the decree. The revolution of 1848 bronght freedom in the Jews. Among the martyrs of Aurona in 1840, Ginseppe Camilla, a Jew, is mentioned. The oppres- sions under the clerical government that followed were less rigurmus, and in 1860, in the name of Vie for Emanuel, the Jews again obtained complete re- ligious freedom, and the Jewish community of An- coma was constituted after the same manner as those of Piedmont. Since that date the history of the community has been uneventful. Ancona contains, to-day, about 1,700 Jews in a pop- ulation of about 30,000. They possess two places of worship for the Italian liturgy and one for the Levant- ine; an asylum for dewish children, Present and a Talimuul Torah, with an annex Statistics. for girls, where instruction is given in the Jewish religion and in the Hebrew language. During 1890-99, 492 births and 369 dentlis have taken place in the community. The greater number of the Jews in the city follow cominereind pursuits, but many also have devoted themselves to the study of medicine, law, literature, and the arts and sciences. The following elemosynary institu- tions tourish in Ancona: Ma'asch ha-Zelekah. Gemilut Hasaulim, and Bikkur Holim Malbish 'Arminim. 17 The rabbinical chair of Ancona was always itu. portant in Italy, and several distinguished rabbis Imve occupied it. The first of these, whose name is recorded, was Ezekiel Provenzali, who atliciated in the year 1670. Some of his decisions are find in "Pahad Yizhak," others in the unpublished work of Rabbi Nathaniel Is Aaron Segre, Afur Ya'n- kob." Ilis smeerssur was Menabem Shmileni, who exercised his functions in 1675. The was followed by Giosmè Ralfaele Pertni, who flonrished toward the end of the seventeenth century and in the begin ning of the eighteruth, and compiled a collection of 318 rabbinical responses, now in the possession of Zadok Kahn, chief rabbi of France (descritual by M. G. Montefiore, "Rev. Ft. Juives," x. 183.q.). Giuseppe Fiammetta, a distinguished exegete, prel. aml theologian, published a volume of jurayers and hymns, entitled "Or Boker," and wrote two volumes. of responsa, which are still unpul Rabbis of lished; he died in 1730. His son-in- Ancona. law, Sauson Morpurge, ofliciated for a time with Fiammetta, and afterward' alone. Morpurgo was a celebrated physician, phi- losopher, and ensuist, and published a work of then- logical responses; he dicit in 1740, Isaac Fiano of Rome (1732-1770); Hayyim Abraham Israel of Rhodes (1774-1785). author of "Bet Abraham" and "Amarot Tehort": Raphael Isaiah Azulai (1787- 1820), who wrote many of the rabbinical responsa found in a work by his father, the well-known lay- yim Joseph Azulai-followed in succession. A con- Temporary of the last was the titulary rabbi, Jacobs Samson Senigaglia, author of " Abir Ya'akob," * Mat- pat Elohim," and "Nezir Shimsbon" (mpublished). After Azulai came David Vivanti (1829-1876), who left several manuscripts pertaining to literature and theology. His successor is Ismae Raffaello Tedeschi. The notaliles of modern Ancona are Leone Levi-a well-known lawyer, economist, and statistician, who wrote works which have been awarded prizes in Ber- lin and London and Eugenio Camerini, a commen- tator on Dante. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Grätz, (lesch. der Judru. ix. tsin; Kauf- mann, Les Martyrs i' neanet, in er. 1. Juinis, xi. 149 et sep: hdem. Les Tingl-patres Martyrs d'Inem. Ibl. xxxl. e arq: Fuice of Jerut, 1., 11.1. ANCONA, ALESSANDRO D': Historian of Italian literature and philologist; born at Pisa (Tus- cany). Feb. 20, 1835. He is the youngest of tive brothers, all of whom have achieved fame in the rareers they have chosen. Alessandro recrived his first education at a private school of Florence known as the "Istituto dei Padridi Famiglia," where he had as masters Nicolo Giorgetti and Cesare Scortabelli. Especial attention was there paid to literary disquisi- tions, and to Italian rhetorie und prosody, and the young D'Ancona devotril most of his energies to these latter subjects. At the age of fifteen he composed two short poems, elegies on the death of his tencher Giorgetti, which, although they hear many traces of youthful extravagance, are nevertheless excellent imitations of classical verse, both in form and meter. Three years later he demonstrated his knowledge of medieval Italian literary sources, his critical sense, and his scientific methods of investigation by wri ting an essay on Giovanni Domenico, or as he is hetter known-Tommaso Campanella, the metaphy. sician and political reformer, a contemporary of Galilets. The learning, and especially the political tenden cies, expressed in this work drew upon the author the attention of the Liberal party in His Polit. Tuscany, and when, after the suppres ical and sion of the Nazionale," Celestino Bi anchi founted the "tienio," | Aua was invitel by Rianchi and his en. ditor Arcangeli to collaborate on this paper. Ite joined the stall, also, of " that other propagandist journal, the Spettatore ital Jano." In Is he went to Turin, ostensibly to study haw at the university. Int in reality to act as secret agent between the iwo Liberal parties of Tuscany and Piedmont, and also between these and Count Cavome, He remained in Turin for three years, and D'Ancona's name soon became known in the add vanced political circles of Italy. He was in close Jour- nalistic Activity.