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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Anatolio

Anatomy iiiiportniu-o of

liifric.

in piirlicular.

in

view of

tlic

coiitempiirary religious coiilrovtrsii'S. Tlionccfortli, to liis profrnim "was twofold, as In- devoted liiniself liis work in astronomy in the mornings, and to logic in the eveninjisHis principal translation embraced the first five books of Avcrroes' "intermediate" cotiitiientary on Aristotle's Logic, consisting of the IntiodiKiion of Porphyry and the four books of Aristotle on the Categories, Interpretation, fSyllogism. and Demon-

Anatolio probably commenced his work on the cnnnneiitary while in Provence, though he must have tinished "the lifth book at Naples about 1231 or 1232. The conclusion of the comnieiilary was never reached. Upon the ending of the tirsi division he desired to go over the ground again, to acipiire greater |>rolicifncy, and. for some tea son unknown, he never resumed his task, which was completed by another after a lapse of eighty stration.

years.

Besides this, Anatolio translated, between the years 1231 and Vi'A't. the following works: (1) The "Almagest of Ptolemy," from the Araliic, though probably the Greek or Lat in tit Ic of this t real ise was also faniiliarlohini. Its Hebrew title is" Ilihbiir liaGadol ha-Nikra al-Magesti " (The Gn^at Comiiosilion Called Almagest).'' (2) A "Compendium of Astronomy," by Avcrroes, a book which was unknown to the Christians of the Middle Ages, and of which neither a manuscript of the original nor a Latin translation has come down. Its Hebrew title is " Kiz zur al-Magesti " (Compendium of the Almagest). (3) "The Elements of Aslronoiuy," by Al-Fargani (Alfraganus); possibly translated from a Latin verIt was allerward rendered into Latin by Ja sion. cob Christmann (Frankfort, l.")'JO) under the title of "Elementa Astronomica," which, in its turn, may have given rise to the Hebrew title of the treatise

"Yesodot ha-Tekunah," which

A

is

tindotibtedly

rr-

on the Syllogisni, by Al-Farabi, from the Arabic. Its Hebrew title is "Sefer Hekesh 5azar" (A Brief Treatise on tln> t^yllogism). Graetz also suggests the possibility of Anatolio, in conjunction with' ^liehael Scot, having translat('d into Latin Jlaimonides' "Guide of the Perplexed"; but this suggestion has not yet been sulliciently proved (compare Steinschneider, "Hebr. L'ebers."i. 433). Similarly, the anonymotis commentary on the "Guide," called " Uuah Hen," though sometimes at tiibuted to Anatolio, can not detinitely bcestalilishcd Still, it is on jin alhision in this work that as his. Zunz, followed by Stein.selmeider, partly bases the hypothesis of Marseilles having been" Anatolio's original home (compare Zunz, "Zur Gesch." p. 482; Reiian-Neubauer. " Les lijibbins Fran(,'ais," p. 588; Steinschneider. "Cat. Bodl." col. 1180, and "Hebr.

cent.

(4)

treatise

Bibl." xvii. 124). BiBi.ioRRAPHV: The JIalmaiJ ha-Talmitlim yieldsa (Treat deal of infomiiillon ccmreniinp tlie life ami the time of its autlKir. Consult partii-ularlv the prefare, which is freely ilniwn up"ii Fiirther, Alilia Mart. Miitlidl Kiiiiuit, jA-tin this arti. p. 4S2; Senior Sachs, in lln-Y'iiuili, 18.51. viil. :)1. note; iNeiiballpr. in (elKer's Jlhl. Ziitirhrill. X. 2i'>: Biirt..I.ic<-i. Ilihiinf hi III .V.ii)iiri Hiihliiiuiii. I. -j. iii. 867; I)e Rossi. Diziniiiirin Stiniin. (HTrnan tniris.. p. 44; (iriitz. Gcw/i.<(. ,/ie/rii,Sleil.,vii.i).i; lienan-.Wiihaiier. !,..•< /{<i)i(iiii.<

HMniri: Littiniirc iti (<i Fnimr, x.vil, ,iSO-.'iS!l, Ecrivains Jiiifi Friiiiiriix. r(i., xxxi.. in(le. Gildeinann, Geficli. (lea Krjit (iioiiMcici ii» iinil tirr Ciiltur ilrr AheiicUamlisclKn Juilin, ii. Ittl, 2;iii ct so;.: Vogelstein and Hiegfr.Genrh.d.Juilrn ill Itiim.i. 'W: Perles, R. Salnmn Fraiit;aiii. In

and

L(-'



Aliraham li. Atlcreth. pp. ti8 it sn/.; Berliner. Pctv/inUchc hnitfji n zwiHctn^n JitiJcn iiiul Christnt^ p. Id; Steinsollncidir. llrlir. Ililil. vil. twl, xvii. 124 ; OtI. BmU. col. ll.so Ct'iij.: nil Hilir. IVdrrs. <(«'.s .VitN7'l»( in, pp. 47. .il. .V*. .W!, 547, .>V), and ifor a complete hibliogniiibv of the siihjecti SHKI. h.

Bfzii

H. G. E.

564

ANATOMY: The science dealing with the strnctunoi HI L:aiiisms, especially that <if the luiman body. The information given in the Bible concerning the parts of the

Thus

acter.

Jacob wrestling with the said that theang<l touched .lacob's 5)3 (hollow of the thigh ). and put it out of joint. Therefore the children of Israel in the narrative of

given

There

angel.

TT

human body is merely popular in chara point of human Anatomy seems to be it

.

is

.

.

Earliest eat not of nt'jn Mention in shrank") (Gen.

Hebrew word

Bible.

in

TJ

("the sinew that

The

2.V33).

...ii.

which is tnmslati'd the A.V. "sinew." meansalso nerve. r/iil,

clearly indicate the sinew of the nervus ischiadieus. the nerve extending through the

The circumstances

thigh and leg to the ankle. Several members of the human body and of animals are meiition<(l in Ex. xxviii., xxix.; for example: 3^ (heart), nSO (brow). t|n3 (shotilder), ntn (liandl. V3VX (breast). |tN "jUn (lobe of the ear). In Ex. xxix. 17 the He(finger), and jn3 (thumb). brew term for dis.secting is for the first time mentioned: "And thou shall cut [dissect] the ram into sections." The word is nnj. from which is derived the modern Hebrew name for the science of Anatomy (mn'jn n03ni- some of the visceral portions of the sacrifices are also given, such as 3ip (inwards), miT

T

133 (liver), 3^n (fat). nvi?3 (kidneys). piC (shoulder) and 1iy (skin) also occur. A eonsidenilile luimher of jiarts of beasts and of There the priests are birds are named in Liv. i. commanded to cut uj) the sjicriflces; to "flay the the head and burnt otfering and cut it in pieces the fat " the word -ng means the fat that covers the Hut if the sjicrifice intestines under the omentum). (caul),

.

.

.

(

is

a bird the priest

remove 1;

its

V. 8).

of the

is

in pinch olT(p^DI) the neck,

and

with its feathers(Lev, i, 14These anatomical parts, however, are only

crop

(nS"l!3)

main organs, or those


 * )ortions that the |iriest

in sacrificing would naturally notice. allusion to arteries, veins, or nerves.

There

is

no

" The apple of the eye" (iris) is mentioned in Dcut. Lids, nilbc (keepers or preservers of xxxii. 10. the eye), are erroneously rendered in the A. V. (P.s.

Ixx vii.

."i).

"

Thou holdestmine eyes waking. " D'SVSV

(eyelids) occurs in Jer. ix. IT. rl jinxiim. The laconic ilesiriptinn of Job, X. i)-ll points to a

tuerely rudimentary knowledge of embryology and the components of tlie human body. " Kemember, I beseech thee, that thou hast made lue as the clay. Hast thou not poured me out as milk, and curilled me like cheese? Thou hast clothed me with skin and tlesh, anil hast fenced me [H. V.,"aud knit .

.

.

me

together"] with bones and sinews [D'TJ]." allegorical pieluriug of the human body in decrepit old age as desiribed in Keel, xii. 2-6 alludes only to the out ward members of man. However, the

The

alU'gorical

some

name nuniD

(grinders r= luolars) for D'JC

to indicate that the writer possessed knowledge of the classification and function of

(teeth)

seems

the various teeth. In the poetical description of the respective forms of the lovers in the Song of Solomon a few more names of organs of the human body occur, which are also referred to in other |)oeticaI or jirophefic books of the Bible; for example, ]n (palate) and npn (temple) (Cant. ii. 3, vi. 7). After Ezra's time the Hebrew sages took a step forward in the field of AnatIn Talmudic omy. The Greco-Egyptian .school at Alexandria, under theauspices of PtolTimes. emv I. and his successor. Ptolemy Philadeliihus. greatly influenced the Hebrew academies, and the' medical knowledge of the Greeks