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558 Ananias, Son of Onias IV.

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Anathema sent home; ("B. J." ii.

and he contimird 12.

S?(i

••

toofflriato ns liicrli pripst Aiit." xx. 0. ^ -'). In Acts, xxiii.

2, .xxiv. t. hi' is mi'iilioui'd a.s piL-sidiiit

of

Ilic f>aii-

mid as n'picsfiitutive of the .lews brfore the His removal from ollice did procurator, alioiit 5M. not rol) him of iiillmiiic; for his wealth was daily increased liy gift.s and t)_v nnseniiiidoiis and vioUiit appropriation on the tithes, or provisions destined for the ordinary priests (compare Hall. I'l's. 571/; "Ant." hedriii.

His relations to the procurator Al!<. SS 2. ;i. 4). hinus drew upon him the hatre<l of the .Siearii; and at the outhreak of the jrreat revolt, when he sided withthe party of the kin.sr, the revohitionistsnotordy burnt his palace hut killed him and his brother ("B. A. BC. J," ii 17. is fi. '.i|. .XX.

ANANIAS, SON OF ONIAS

IV.:

On account

of the pcrsi'cutions under Antiochus IV.. Onias IV. fled from .lerusjdcm to E.sryiJt, won the favor of Ptolemy VI.. and built there a temple (.losephns. "Ant." xiii. 1(1. ^ 4). Anania.s and his brother Helkias were held in hi.Ldi esti'ein by Cl.lcoi'.^TH.v III. Owiiij; to her rcjrard for tlicm, the .Judeans of the (compare "Ant." xiv. 8.5^1; "B. .I."i. 9. S •*)• remained true to her when she was abandoned on the island of Cyprus by all her soldiers (Strabo <|Uoted by .losejihus, "Ant." xiii. 10. is 4). When she went to Palestine to help the kinj; of .ludca. Ai.kx.vxukk J.vXN.Kls. asainst her son. Ptolemy Lathirus, and sticeecdcd in dislodiring him (about 1(10). Ananias
 * iroviiice Onion, between Pelusiiim and Memphis

and Ilclkias were licr ijcncrals; and Ananias dissuaded lier from incorjioriitinf: .Jndea as an Eiryplian province, at the same time indueini? her to form an alliance with Alexander Jannieus (Jo.scphus. "Ant." xiii. 13, §2; Schurer, "Gesch. d. JiUl. Volkes." i. A.

220).

ANANIAS, SON OF ZADOK



Bt'.

AcconliniB; to

Jose]ibus(" 1!. .1." ii, 17,^10; " Vila." (i6-(i7). one of the del)Uties (jf hi,!;b rank from amoni; the Pharisees, sent in the year (iC by Simon ben (iamaliel and the leading personages in .Jerusidem to reprimand Josr.PHis, the future historian. Entrusted with the defense of Oalilee in the great war against the Romans. .Insephus, soon after his appointment as .general, had been suspected of corrupt ])urposes by .John of Giscala. .Josephus, being apprised of their arrival, c.'iiitured them and sent them back to Jerusa" ii. 21. S; 7; "Vita," 38-64). lem ("P.. J A. Bu.

ANANYEV

District, town, and village in the province of Kherson. Russia. In 1897 the Jewish population was: in the town 7,6.')0 (.50 per cent.); in the viMage 4.408 (34.9 per cent.); and in the district 4..5.5.5 (3.7 per cent.). There are three synagogues and three Hebrew schools. H. R.

ANAPA



Town

province of Kuban, RusJews sia, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. are said lo have lived here in the first century, and to have had a synagogue.

in the

BniLiOHRAPHY: Harkavv,

in

VosMwd, March,

l(<i)4,

p. .M.

II.

ANARCHISSI

This term

R.

used so loosely in the United States by writers and public speakers that a scientific definition appears to be a prerequisite to the proper understanding of its difTerent phases. As it is often .stated that Jews have been intimately connected with this movement it seems

is

desirable to ascertain the extent of the connection. Anarchism is defined in "The Encyclopedia of Social Reform" (New York. 1897) as" "the social doctrine of the abolition of government of man by man, and the constitution of society without govern-

558

There are two schools of Anarchism: the individualistic and the conunninslic. Communist Anarchism isof distinctively Bussian growth. the first. .lews in Bussia allied themIts Origin, selves with this school and |iartieipated actively in its propaganda. It originated with the early Slavophiles of the "forties" in their mystical cull of the village comtnuiuty; was given a socialistic guise by Ilerzen and Tchernyshevski at the epoch of the peasjuit reform; was remolded and finally merged into I'roudhonism by Biikiinin in the days of the International Workingment."

Emm

men's Association

(188-71).

The

individualistic Anarchism of Proudhon found a wide an<l resixinsive audience among the Russian educated middle class, and in the "sixties " was acclimatized in the guise of nihilism. Nihilism soon gave place to the Bakiinin-communist Anarchism, which held sway over the nunds nf ilu- young geiUTation of the "seventies." The anarchist movement had exhausted itself in Russia by l.'^Sl, and had given to the western world the most noted apostle of modern coinmuiustic -Vnarchism. Prince Pet<-r Krajiolkin. The exodus of the Jews from Russia, following the anti .lewish riots of 1881 and subsei|Uent years, couided with political persecutions, brought to England and the I'nited States a number of young men

and women who

iin]i<irle(l

with them, along with

their Russian eilucatioii, the popular political and social ideas of their old country. Fired with the proselytizing spirit of the Bussian social reformer, they naturally became the teachers of the ignorant Jewish immigrants, who. ci-aving for knowledge, were now given for the first time in their lives Clubs and an opportuinty to study. Clubs and Societies societies were soon formed the Berner Cluli at Whiteehapel, London; the Formed.

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Russian Progressive Labor Associaand. later, the Pioniere der Freiheit. in New York. The movement gave birth to a weekly paper, " Der Arlx-iterfreund," ptd)lished in London. Supported in the beginning solely by the enthusiasm of its promoters, this jieriodical succeeded, after a while, in gaiidng a small paid circulation. In New York, owing to the greater prosjierity of llie Jewi.sh inunigrants, as compared with the Whiteehapel standard of living, a sinnlar venture met with better success. " Die Ereie Arbeit erst imme." a weekly pajier founded in 1890. mana.geil to maintain itself, by the aid of voluntary contributions, for a few years; its main energies being directed towanl fighting its socialist contcm]ioniry, the " .Vrbeilerzeitung." Of coiu'se, the leading spirits among the. lewish anarchists kejit in loucli with their non Jewish coworkers in the anarchist movement, re]iresented by tion:

in London, and Johann ,Most's " Freiheit" York. But the masses of Jewish sympathizers—secluded in their Ghetto with tin- rest of formed a distinct Yiddish-speaktheir countrymen In New York they ing branch of the movement. .soon became the financiers of anarchist propaganda, contributing largely toward the support of anarchist literaturi' in the English language. The anarchist movement among.Tews in the L^nited States is now, however, decidedly on the wane.

"Freedom"

in

New

—

The organic growth

of the Jewisii settlement, the

development of labor organizations, and the cmbarking by social reformers in labor pfilitics have dealt a fatal blow to Anarchism. It is no longer a movement of the masses, as in former years the fir.st enthusiasm of youth having expended itself in vain efforts to convert an indifferent world and the few remnants of the pioneers of 1890 confine their activities to the publication of a monthly magazine, " Die

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