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553 ;

victims was James, brother of Jesus, is a Christian interpohition in JtJsephiis; compare Scbijrer. i. 486.) Alhinus, the new priiciinilor, relinked him for this liij;hhan(l<il proceeding, and Agrippa deprived liini of Ins position (" Ant."".x. 9, § !) At the outbreak of the war of the Jews, however, in the year (56. he was still a leading personage. Together with Joseph, son of Gorion, Opposes he prepared the defenses of Jerusalem Zealots, against the Uomans(" 15. J." ii. 'JlKIja; '2-i. g 1. 2). but he inunediatelv took stand against the Zealots and their leader, Simon bar-Oiora. When, after the conquest of Galilee, the fugitive Zealots under John of Giseala entered Jerusiilem, and the Judean Zealots, having imprisoned all ]>romineut men of moderate views as being friendly to Home, obtaijied possession of the Temple and control of the higli-prieslly otiiee, Anan put himself at the head of the ix'ople to o]ipose the Zealots, and eontined them in the Temple. But Jolui, who liitbertohad supported him, now suspected him of friendship for Koine, anil went over to the Zealots. He sununoned the Idnmeans to the city, and they murdered Anan. who with other leaders had refused i^2). them entrance ("B. J." iv. Anan is describeil as upright and unselfish, ready of speech. iuHuential, democratic, and liberty-loving, one who justly discerned that the only hope for Jerusalem lay in reconciliation with Rome On the other hand, when it was suggested that Jo.sephus should be recalled from his post as general in Galilee. Anan, .'j,

who

Anakim Auau ben David

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

553

with Simon ben Gamaliel recommende<l his

call (• Vita," 38.

re-

characterized by Josephus as venal. His behavior in the Anan's Sanhedriu is pronounci'd Sadducean. Sadducean This reference to his Sadducean tendenTeudencies. cies tinds nniarkatile contirmation in the Talmudie accotmt (Grilt/.. "Gesch. d. Jnden." iv. 747) of the Sadducean form of Templeworship in the decade before 70, and of the opposition to it, fostered by the Pharisaic teachers of the time. These reports gave rise to the general opinion that this was a forcible effort to reestablish Saddueeeism, which had long been supplanted by Pharisjiism, tlKMigh the revival was short lived (comjiare Sehllrer, 3d ed., ii. 40")). It has recently, however, iK'en suggested that the Sadducean view of the sacrificial cult had up to that time predominated, and was onlv then giving way to Pharisiiism (Chwolson, "Diis L.-lztc' Pass;dima"hl," p. 87; Blichlir, " Priester und CultiKs," pp. 54, 10!)). A. Bu. 3'J,

-4-4,

60), is

ANAN, SON OF ANANIAS, THE HIGH PRIEST: He

was stratigus, or governor of the at Jerusalem (Jo.sephus, "B. J." ii. 12, § 6; "Ant." x.v. 6, § 2), and while in ollico was sent (in 52) to Home by L'mmidius (Juadratus. governor of Syria, to answer to Emperor Claudius for participation in disturbances which had arisen out of the struggle between the Judeans and the Samaritans. AVith him wen? his father and Jonathan, a former high priest. Through the inlluen<-eof Agrippa II. he und all the Judeans underaccusation wcreaci|uitted, and allowed to return to Jerusalem ("Ant." .x. 8, S ri, and it, S; 2; ~ B. J." ii. 13). Anan probably owed his irn]iortant otlice to his father's position, as did later on his brother Eleazar. who held the saineollice from 1)3 to 66 ("Ant." ... », «5 3: " B. J." ii. 17. jj 2; compare Pes. H'a, Bet Hanin Tosef., Men. xiii. 21,

Temple



Bet Elhanan). As siriilegus, Anan probably had charge of the Temple ami its sacrifices. Bini.ioc.RAPIIY : Sehflrer, Ornch. d. Jlht. VoUset, 3d BQctiler, I'rittler und CuUw), pp. W) t( y.

iil., II. 2111

«

A. Be.

ANAN BEN

DAVID, Founder of the Karaite Sect In the second half of the s<!Venth century and in the whole of the eighth, as a result of

the tremendous intellectual commotion produced throughout the Orient by the swift con(|Uests of the Arabs and the collision of victorious Islam with the older religions and cultures of the world, there arose

number of religious sects, especially in Persia, Irak), and Syria. Judaism did" not escape this general fermentation; the weak remnants of the

a large

Babylonia

(

early schisms

— the Sadducees

and Essenes

— picked

up new life and liickcred once more before their final extinction. But new sects also arose in Juilaism; the most importjint of which were the Is.vwiTES (called after their founder Abu Isa), the YuD;iTES, and the Sii.i)(i.xiTES (followers of Yudgan and Shadgan). All these various heresies would nevertheless have f|uickly disappeared or been assimilated by rabbinical Jvidaism. if the jiolilieal conditions of the Jews in the eastern califate had not pushed to the front a certain energetic and determined man, ami placed him at the head of the new movement. So great was his infiuence. that he succeeded in uniting all heterogeneous autirabbinical elements under his standard, and in forming a powerful sect out of them. This man. Anan ben David, had been a candidate for the highest dignity existing among the Jews at the time the exilarchate. When, about the year 760, the exilarch (probably Isaac Iskawi) died, it ajjpears that two lirothers among his nearest kin, protiably ncjdiews of his, Anan and Josiah (Hassan), were next in order of succession to the exalted ofiiee. The former was older and richer in theological knowledge than the latter, and was thus the better fitted for the position of prince of the Exile. He should have received the jireference over the younger and less learned Josiah; nevertheless the nomination was given to the latter: Josiah was elected exilarch by the rectors of the Babv Ionian colleges( the Geonim) and by the notables of' the chief Jewish congregations; and the choice was confirmed by the calif of

—

Bagdad.

The following were the reasons for this extraordinary result, if the accounts of the earliest authorities may be credited; In the first place. Anan was of a |iresumptuous and imperious dis])ositioii. while his brolhir wasuiia.ssumingand modest. Then. it is sjiid. Anan had slK>wn evidences of lukewarmness toward Inulilional Judaism, amounting even to disdain; while Josiah was pious and reverencer by his long sojourn east of Bagdad in the Persian-Mesoliotaniian borderlands, which were then the chief liotbed of anlirabbiiiical.schisms. Howeverthat may be,

it

is

Anan's proud disposition would by no means permit him to submit tamely to his defeat, and |>lace him.self in subordination to his younger

certain that

Proclaims Himself Anti-

brother. His political i^arti/.ans. who seemeil to follow him in religious matters also, did not desert him. and so it came to pass that. an permitted himself to be proclaimed anli<'xilareli. This step was natunilly construed by the Mohammedan authorities as rebellion against the augu.st authority of the calif, who had formally invested Josiah w iih the position; and such an act on the part of a Dhimmi (foUowerof a religion toleniled by Islam; that is. a Jew or Christian) must in a Mohammedan stale ajipear serious in the

Exilarch.

extreme. Therefore when Anan's proclamation of himself asexilaiih beianie known. v was arrested by the authorities one Sunday in the year 767, uikI thrown