Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 1.pdf/496

448 ;

systems) it became sharply toward the

ii

Mem

A. Soeln, Die SHiiahiniiehrift.in Zeit. Dntlfch. Pal/lnt. Ver. xxll.Ol if Kcy.: >l. l,ld/liarsicl,Z'ir.Sili«i;iiii«/inr(,ln Ephe-

simple stroke, wliieh «as bent

most modcru eursive branches out at the bottom, and

riijlit

script." Final in its latest stage is

iu the

ineriK,

drawn out cither to the left or same development also took^plaee. but it afterward became again a simple In order to write 'A.V'n without removing circle. the pen from the surface, its two strokes were joined with a curl. The two 7V's spread out in a marked As to ?ii(k the right-hand head is imide nourish.

The

altogether.

letters n. 1.

H.

].

Adiiniphelet

Sn.nl.1. L. 1. Euyptiun Origin nt AlplmliPt Zur GfschU)itf (Irr niichxlalu iisi liriti, K'niii-'sln'it.'. 183S; Arehlldluaie ihr Hihrilir. i. :Ki < r m ./.. K.iiiii.'>1«ti;. Atiilinh, l,s. in 185.i; J. OlslKiilsen. f'hir ilrii Urximi mi il' lirui-'s.li. ('/") II. PhiloUiliniisih: SUKlini. i.. Kill. IMl Id" I t^iit i^'iilf 1 1' I'll •l'>Si}iri It. in Vinliow-HuitzcnBililuiHI

•<



Sdiniiihi

mid'

in fill

II

ix^iiisiliii III ir til r i'lirt/iVi/i.

series

No. 1)4, Hi'iliii. isiis; Km. ill- niiug<: Miniuircniir I'Oriuine Etimiliinni lie VAhihiihil I'hiiiiiicn. I'uris, 1874. Assyrlun OriRin o( Alpliuliet Deirlse, Dcr Vrxpruufi (Its AUnemtliischeu Alphal>r.t>iauit(Ur Seimmiri''i:hcii Ki ilFriedrich Dc.vc/in/(. In Z. D. M. G. xxxl. 103 et .if «/. lllzsch, Dii- Knl.ilfliiina <lf»Altentcn Sihriflsiixli ins. pp. TJl et acq., Leipsii-. Is'.iT; II. ZInimern, Ziir Fnnn iinrhilrin Vr-

iii.

2.



.

Aliiliuhil.i.in 7.. D. M. '.'. I. IK il sni.: Bull. TJie Oriiiin (if the I'heiiiriaii Alfnliet. in i'iof(C((i)i('» "f tlis

Soc. Bihl. Arch. xv. 3.


 * i<i--'-4iis.

Iliiiulhiirh iter Neirel.iemitl.vhen EpHiri'l'hili, '• 'ii' et sn/.. willi tin- nuiiierniis wurks mi theinli. ( f.illcwinL'iiiv lln- ni.sl prciiiimrit scriptlun, of whicll the Clermimt-Cianneau. Let .S7.7. i/. Dhihiin mi SIrli . Lcipslc.

MoablteStone: Liclzharski,



Mem

Lu

189«; A.Sociiiandll. }hii/.ini:rr. Zur Mesiiiitsehrifl. Ilnietite ither die Viihiinilliiini ilir Kiniiulieheii (ie.-'ell.-'eliiill dir Wi.iKeiisehiitt ill Leijiziy. IX'.n. pp. 171 et neq.; M. Litlzliai-skl. Etn. .(ieliiirUfiniii iter MeKeiiiiKchrifl.in Ephemeri.i fUr 4.

Seiniti.' et .<(</., ullioi sei/. iwltli ri'imiduitionsbv(".SchickandA.Soi-in);H.(iiHhi-. Die .<iliuiliiii.-^eliriH.

.TXXVi. TS, et .leii.: K. .1. I'IU'Ii.t. The Dale i.f eeh. xix. the Sit'inm luscriiitiem. in Vroeenlliiiis.'^ue. Bihl. 165 et scq. : C. U. render. Date uf the SiUmin Te.rt, ib. pp. -'(H <( SOI. ; E. J. Pllclierand E. Davis, ilii the Date iif the Sihiiiiit

in Z.

b. M. G.

A

Inxcription In Pal. Erpliir. Fund, Quarterly Statement, pp.5«et8cg., 70; Cli. Clermont-tianneau, ib. pp. 158-1B7:

1898,

Elaina.i.

Edxde

series Hi., vol. xxx. 344 et

de Aliaz

et

de Pelthai, Re-

aur Xnmxd^hhmacl

Funim

157 et acq.; (Juatrc i'imr.(

der JUd. Mtlmen, London, 1881

the ./i iis,

il/olllioiis./iiiri.'i. I'uris. 1SS7.

7.

Th. Keinach, Lcs Zendifirli or sinjirli

liisiri|itloiis ,4 ii.vi/iii;.i(ii|70i in Sfniiy/iniii.si/ij/tli.ii till Auflraqe des

.lii.v|/rn»ir(

.ii')iii/i,

idiil

J. llalevy. Deux Dnenl-r.iiiiili-.t 211 lleiiin, 1., Berlin, ISSH Iiiseriiiliiiiis Seiiiitique.i de Zindjirii In Rerue Semilique, 1. 77 it .«!.(.; ;,..< />! ii.r Iiiscriiiliiinx }{eti'eiine.i de Ziniljirli, lb. 3.". I r seq.; D. ILMililer, pp. l:iS,(s,i/..3IS,( .SI./..:)!'.!'* .M !(.. II. Die Alt.'teiniti.vhcii Iiisehrideii nui Snnhehirli, in W. Z.

K.M.

iii.:£)i(,<ii|.,

W.iet

sei/.: Tli. .NT.Iili-ki'. ;(.

i.i.


 * .iiii{;.'ii

I

.

inSdzutwu-

der Prcmisischcn Akudciiiie der triitsenKchaftcn. M. Lidzliarski, Ilandlnieh, I. 440 e( scq..

lieriehte IsiKi. pp.

11151 et seq.; tallies xxii.-xxiv.

II.

8.

H,

W.Z.K.M.X.

Die llaiiin.iehrilleii des llnr-rehuli, in seq.; K. Siuliaii, .4 riiiiii'/i.-i'fi.- I nscliriften,

Mi'lller,

Wiet

ju

D.M.O. Uar

den^?-niiii7i.<i'(ifii Iii.ychrifleii roii Seiiil.-iehirliinZ. xlvil. lUiiV .•<i.(.: .I.Hali'.vv, 1,11 I'leiniere Diserlpliiin dc Relioiih. /(.I'll, it Corrii;.'. in llrr. Sein. iv. 185 ct seq.: D.

Inseriptions:

Araniaie 1S3 •(

Cli.

rieniiont-Canneau, Z-cs SUle*

de Ac irah fy ude.t d' .1 rcln'nliiqic Orientale. 11. Album d'AutitiuUt.^ Urientalci. tables!., il. Paris,

iii'.i

.sii(.;



1S'.I7 (i. Hoflmann, Aramtiixche Inschriftcu auK Iferfib hei All iqin. in Jiiurnal Ariatique.xi. 20etscq.; M. Lldzbarskl, Haiiilliuch. 1. 44.5. 11. table xxv. Scfcr Taqhiu. Liber Cnrnmilarum 9. Letter ornaments: ed. J. J. L. Bargts, Paris, IWlti; Derenbourg, In Journal A.iiatiiiue, series vi., vol. ix. 346 ct scq. 10. Hebrew Inscriptions: Oirpm Inncriptionum Hehraicanim.cols. 18-21 Babelon and Schwab, in liev. tt. Juive»Av. Zeitschrift filr KcHnchriftfor1115 (( seq.; Hvvernat, in seliiinq. ii. 113tt .t./.: (iriinlmuin. iti. pp. SUctsfq. : Niildeke,

.

.

.



ib.

3il5 et

pp.

w./.,

ii.

seq.



V.Viet seq.;

sii).. xlil. .'>83 ft

Schwab. In /drill' i(',4»i)AnVi!iii7if, i. 117 et Prueeedinqs Sue. Bibl. ^rc/i. xil. 382ct llarkavv, in " Zapi.ihi" of the (Jriental

.sf./.



of the Petersburg Archieol. Society, iv. K! ft scq.; Laoau, in lievue d'AssurinliHlic. Hi. 49 ct scq.; Wohlstein, In

sHition Zeit.

f.

As.<iiir. rtli.

313 ct

sec/., ix.

11 ct scq.; Friinkel, ib. Ix.

f I scq.


 * )IVH

Papvri : Steinscbneiiler. Hebrili.iehe Papiinisfra^ 11. liieiile iiiisili III Fiiilllliin, in .eiiii)itisihe 7.i ilsehrifl. xvii. 93 el seq.. aii.l table vii.; ( '. /. //. cols. I'_'u. ( ,v. ./.: Kniian and Krebs, Alls den rapiirus iter Kiniiqlicheii ,Vii.<iiii. p. 390. Bcriin,

Hebrew

For the Hebrew papvri in The CiiUcctinn see D. H. Miiller and D. Kaufmann, in r Samiiihniq ihr Piiji|/nw Erzherznq die Saininliinu. etc. pp. ill Fnliyer diireh der l.i'iiiT.il Sourc.'s: liesciiiiis. (.'..-iMidt.

uf Erzherziiii

IM'.m.

lliiiiier.

Mitlcihamen

alls anil

3111





f ( Hiq.;

111.



xprung

1. 8.')

I'liehel Isniehli Aeeliaiifue el reiliiil'ilinii, ill. pp. ;i'd l-Tvl; Cniiiptes.reniluy, 18!»8, p. 812; I.idzliiiiNki. Iliiiiilhneh. |i. IMl: c li. (liTMiinil-Canneau, Secau de '.Loti/ii/iiik. Uectieil l.iracliU iiu .Vow d'Aliiqiid.

A rameen

sehiitz,

...iii,«

Secau de

cuedii Pi-



(orff.

Cachet Unu'lite aiir

neq.:

inthe

Bibliography:

Irieiilille,

.

vl. 'ilC; (li.cicniinnl-iiiiiini-nii. l.e Elichiiii. in /(. rii. ,1 1 r)i.'"("i;i'/ni-,

was introduced, the selection of a type depended ui)on the same conditions as

13; see Bibliography 12).

t

(

printing

Square cas'e of the execution of manuscripts. or block letters were cast for liiblicul and other important works; in the various countries different models for letters were often followed one form was preferred at one time, another at another; however, the style selected by the Ashkenazim prevailed and maint"ained its preeminence over "Kashi" all the other.s. Hooks of a secondary character, works which accompanied Script. another text, such as commentaries and the like, were jirinted in the cursive; and here a style of tvpe became popular which very closely rese'mbled the Hispano-African cursive (compare Plate IV.. col. 9). Since the script occurs ofteuest in commentaries on the Bible and the Talmud by Rashi, For the it has become known as the Riishi script. printing of .ludanj-German texts, a further development of the Ashkenazi alphabet, called " WeiberDeutsch," has been created (compare Plate V.,col.

ElmleH d'Areheolinlie



heads. style of

in

luricht der Iterlincr Alid<lemir der Wis^ensvliaflen, l.s!l«,p. li»U B. siade. I 'it im Jahre ism: I'idilizirte AltneiniliM-he Sieqehteine, in Zeil-vhrift der AltlextiiinenttUher II'Ltii'iiiii7i(ir(, xvll. an it seq.; A. 11. Savci-. Nnte nil the Seal Einind at (ipliel in /'il(. Eiphir. Eiiiiil. Qiiinterlii Slalenient. 181(7, li-niiiml-lianneBU, p. 181 et sii;.: (urtliiT roiiiniunlcutlons by Pllrlier, and .savre, i;i.pp.:iiM et Keq.; I 'omj4. .•<-i in'ii."''!' I'-ilcali.'iiiii i(i.v /ii« riyif I..II.1. IS1I7, pp. :I74 it «'/•: Iteeue Itdilique,

have undergone little modilication: they have been rounded out and simplified by the omission of the

When

.

U. BrQnnow, ^DIteihln^|en den Di iilseli. l'iild.it. Ver. 18U«, pp. 4 (( «(<)., pp.;;i<(jiri(.;Cli.Cleniioiii-i.iiiin'-iiu. I'll iVrin I'mu Caehet Archnieiue.in Ueviie ,l)i(i.n;.,|,ci,ii., series 111., vol. xxvlll.348: E.Sarliaii. AramOinelir In.-'eluitten.in Sttzungs-

D.

J. 1.

.

.



longer, at first only to a small degree, but later on to a considerable extent. In the beginning S/iiii develops similarly tothesjune letter in the Nabaticau, but afterward "the central stroke is lengthened upward, like the right arm of Zude. and linally it is joined with the left stroke, and the tirst stroke is left olV

et iteq.

1. .'W

Inscriptions on Seals: M. A. Ij'vy. Sieuel und Gemmcn Inmil Araindigehen. Phrini2ii>ehen, Althilirdmehen fehriflen. Bn'.slau, isilil I'll. Cleniiont-tianneau, Sccaitx el Caehits /..ni.litix, Phiniciciw. et .s'l/nViix, In Jimrnal A»ialiiiiii. l«i. I. la it .s(<;., .'KM <(«<<(., 11. ;XM c( «(«.; LeSceau de iihiiiliinhau. Eiinetinnnairc liiiiial Iiirai'lile, In Hevue Areliiiilmiiiine, series 111., vol. v. 1; Ximeellex Ditailles a L'}enile.^ SemHique.t, Ciimpte/*-rcndiM de I'Aeadt-mie dcs Diicriptiiin.'i. isse, pp. iTietseq.. IWH, pp. 1:11 f( ivq.; Ph. Berner, i/i. p. 340; 111. Cleniionl-duniiiau, Lc Secau de

5.

In Sinu/c the

down.

straiu'ht

448

THE JEWISH EN'CYCLOPEDIA

Alphabet

13.

ill

Sieiiihe mill .<ehrift. pp.

Krilisihi sl

II

Beh

i:lT et

/Jniiic r. I. it seq.


 * !8,

tielirdi.tehen

seq.. I.cilisic. 1S15: II.

Hupfeld,

F.iiiiijir Diiiilnlii und Mis-TcrAlttesliiini llti.irhi il Te.rtqe.-ichicllle In

iieliliiiui

mil' lie II StiUeii

ihr

Theiiliiqi.'iehe Sliiilien

und Krilihi

de Vngiic. L'Aliihiilii

Heliraliiiieel r.ilphabct

I

lltriic .{reliiiiliiiiiiiiie.

new

n.

ill. 3.')n

iiiani. /•;.«iii .iiirt.i /'roji.u/iiiioii 1~! et seq.. 3i!l it .1.1;., Paris, i.

iti

it

.ii<;.:

Marqllls

Aranlcen. In

LenorV Aljihabet I'hinicicn, Ad. Ni-llbauer. The

series, xi.

lir.i

it

.If.;.



Fr.

1S75;

Square Cliaractcrs in Bilitinil ^tam^Sludia Bibllea. ill. 1 it sf i;.; Ph. Berger. Ili.iUnre

Iiitriuhicliiin nf the seriiits. in

de I'^critnrr dans ('.4H(i.(i(iti'. 3d ed., pp. 18.S ft .-a.;.. Paris, 1892; M. Lldzbarskl. Handlmch. i. 18:i f t sfq., 189 et scq.; Leop. Li'iw. tVrap/ii.'tf/ic Ileqnisitennvd Erzeufpii.ise bei den Juden. 11.38 ft sc/i., Leipsic, 1871; M. Stelnschneider, Vorle-

svngcn

liber die

KumlcHcliraischerHandschriftcn,vp.Z!et