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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Alliteration

Allon

carpoiitcrs, bhicksmilhs, iiud masons.

Out of a

population of TUU thcro are euo Jews.

U)tal

See also

nor is it neces.sary that the combined words shoidd follow in immediate succession. tcrs;

"i"'-

Excluding the congruence of sound in the flexional endings, and contining it to the ca,ses in which the similarity is in a stem-syllable, the Rime and number of "instances of rime in the

ALLITERATION AND KINDRED FIGURES: Successive use or frciniciil rccurreiicc of lll^'i^niIllr of

n?33 n?as< assonance of the whole word: "the earth motirneth and fadeth away." Isa. xxiv. and trem4; t,"V^m C'V^ni "the earth shook bled." Ps. xviii. 8; t3'i>D1 TIC "an escaped one and

AOBICCLTCUAL COLONIES Bibliography: Cyrus

A.llor.ln

IN

AmEHICA.

rhila<kpUla Lc.juf r. July

31,

Ihi .leu'i.ih Iminioinliini ixirirluof ' Jnvuih LxlUlp'hUt : B st-rli-s of iirtlclts by J. C. llvis In the l«ftH'JllO. espwIttUy Jan.att. 19UU. p<jiiiii(,, t^

liWi' HcvitrlKnl

p

the same initial letter or soiiiid iil Ihc two or more wonis; speciticallv, llie regular recur-

accented rence of an iniliul letter or soinid in the Figures kmparts of words in poetry; initial rinu-. dred to Alliteration are the following: sounds in two or I. Rime, a correspondence of more words, especially in poetry: specitically, the occurrence of the .same vowel, and succeeding consonant sounds (if there lie any), in accented syllables the lieginat the end of two lines, or more rarely at I nder ning of two or more words. Definitions, the head of rime may he mentioned assonance correspondence of the vow-

—

but not of the consonants, in riming syllables. " such as nice " and "night," "feel "and need"— used in the Romance languages. In a wider sense assonance signitics correspondence of souul in general. II. Play upon Words {pvm. paronomasia, (unbsound problc), acomliinaiioM of words of similar

els,

•'

ducing a witticism or jest. Pun is more specitically the witty use of a word in two senses, usually antiwhich the thetic aiid more or less incongruous, in less play of tlKmght turns chiefly on the sense; or sound but of strictly, a play on words of the same Hut the most fre(iuent and different meanings. comprehensive tern for these tigurcs in iincieni rhetmodern oric is paronomasia, which, however, in the application of the term, signitics any use for elject of words sinular in sound, but ditTering in meaning; a play on words in which the similarity of sotmd is In Hebrew there is the prominent characteristic. found in Kinihi's commentary on Micah, i. 10 the expression ninVl-n |1t;6 bv ^S13 zh. "w-r coincideim (mno) ridinilid, elffjaiithe eaimn." Alliteration being the simplest and probably the oldestof the figures produced by similarity of souiid, IS also the most frccr sphere is in syntactically coonlinated words, as a rule synonyms, Old Testament. or related to one another in meaning, where, in not a few cases, it forms set phrases. The force of Alliteration in these combinations is, as in other literatures, that of emphasis and duM ami ashes," tJen. imprcssiveness: IDS"! 1E3V <",; psi ^?2y "misery and xviii. 27: Job. xx.. U); xlii.

wretchedness," or "sin and iniciuity,"

Num.

xxiii.

tem21: Isa. lix. 4, etc.; myOI HDID "storm and pest," Is!i. xxix. 6, etc.: ^2:^ TJ INCT DC "name anil remnant, progeny and olTspring." Isji. xiv. 22; v. 1/: Qll -~ "pestilence and blooilshed," E/.ek. D'Vm n^3n "spear and arrows," Ps. Ivii. 5; riDDtO

joy ribm a^'7•C'y ISVn "f<a-ye shall go out with conand be led forth with peace." Isji. Iv. 12. In junction with onomatopteia; np73t21 np13D1 np13 "empty, anil void, and waste." Nahum. ii. 11; DV naUDi" HDUDI nOinD "a day of trouble, and of treading down, and of perplexity," Isa. xxu. o. As seen from tlu^ few exainples given above. Alliteration in Hebrew is not restricted, as in Latin, AngloSaxon, and Old German, to precisely the same let-

Assonance. Old Testament iscompamtively small, and it is always combimd with the

pKH

pxn

survivor," Jer. xlii. IT, etc.; in31 inn "waste and void," Gen. i. 2, etc. Of a.s.sonance there is in Hebrew— in which the consonantal element |iredominates— hardly any instance, except perhaps nilDI IIID ]2 "a stubborn and rebellious son." Deut. xxi. li^. etc. While in Alliteration and rime the stress lies on the form, in the play upon words both form and meaning come into consideration. Al-

and rime combine, prefersvnony ms and coordinated ideas, while playing upon words or i)unning

Paronomasia.

literation

ably,

implies some surprising contra.st. the The principal classes of pliiy upon words Old Testament may be sununcd uji as follows: form 1 Where the words are the same or similar in (homonyms) and the difference of meaning is con-

m

.

trasted:"

.

.

vns^

,

sip^ ^ba onsmt." n?

t;"x -n-n

"im d3^

3-inn h«...

n"'P '^^^

"

'^'''

'"'^''

""' '"""'^•

cncd unto me, in proclaiming lilicrty, every one to behold. I proclaim alibcrtyforyou, his brother DV3 fl'Dnnn to the sword." .Ter. xxxiv. IT;.

.

.

mv

the day of adversity. Ihy strength issmall,"Prov. xxiv. 10; tlDn IIDnn "n^a D'niOn " With the jawbone of an ass, TlOn have I slain." Judges. XV. Hi; heaps i'ip"onliea])s " '" crackling of thorns -I'DH nnn an'On SpS l*''>r "^^ indera pot, .so is the laughter of fools," Eccl. vii. «; comiiare Isa. xxx. 16; Jer. iv. 17, 18; xi. 17; Hosea, " If '111'" f'lint in -lV

n^nS

.

.

.

.

.

.

'

viii.

11: .Joel.

Where

2.

i.

the

10^-12;

Dan.

xi. 22, etc.

same verbisuwd indifferent voices:

ijson DSi: ibtOT ]nHn nio Dnvioc-i usn dk l^asn a-in OnnOI "if ye be willing and obedient, ve .shall eat the good of the land: but if ye refuse iuid Isa I

rel)el. i

li)

Sam.

i.

ye shall be devoured with the sword." compare Gen. xlii. 7; Lev. xxvi. 82; 27, 38; I Kings, viii. 20; Jer. xxiii. 19;

2("j;

Prov. xxvi. 17. etc. 3. Where the words differ in form: Snj 'p^na stream is -ip^n "Among the smooth stones of the ,

,

nDL"0 njni DDC'O^ ip'l he looked for judgment behold oppression: for righteousness, l)Ut behold

thy portion."

Isa.

Ivii.

C;

npVV njm npi^b "And l)Ut

nnn 1N3 "beauty for ashes," DC" "He turnct^^i D'D 'NV1D watersprings into drv ground. Ps. cvn. .«; compare Deut. xxxii. 14; Jer. 1. 3.1-38; Ezck. xxviii.

a crv." Isa.

v.

T:,-iES

Isa.lxi. 3; tlNOvij

2(i:

.loel,

11. etc.

i.

15;

Job, v.

.

.

.

21; xxxvi. 15; Eccl. .

,.

-1

xn. •

A name, as representing somethmg mdividual. is especiallv a tempting mark for a witticism or jiun. In Hebrew, moreover (as also in the Play upon other Semitic languages), the proper names are still in living contact with Proper Names, the language; their meaning and form Xot are still clear and transparent. 1

only are thoughts and sentiments attached to proper names (compare the blessing of Noah, Gen. i.. '~7, and that of .Jacob, Gen. xlix.), but even most of the