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413 Allegory in the Old Testament Alliance Israelite Universelle

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

413

publislied first in Lfipsic ami later in its foundation there had been several Jewish journals in existence: " Sulaniith." "Jedidjii," (Jeiwr's " Wissenscliafthehe Zeitsehrifl frtr JildiselieTheologie,'' and Dr. lliiiiiiiLdiaus' " L'uiversalKirelienzeitunjr." which adniitledJewisli contributors. l'liilip|)Son felt that lhes<' did not satisfy lie ileleiinined tn fiiund a the needs of the times. journal I'cirthe intcllii,'ent lailv— one that should not only advance tin' knnwliclL'c  of the Jews of Insday. Thetirst nunilierof his paperappeared May 2. XXii"!. and was pul)lishcil by liauniiriirlniT in Leipsic with the subtitle " Unparl<'iisehes Oriran flir Allcs Jndische Interesse in HetrelT von I'oiitik, Helijrion,

During the first vears of its existence the paper had among its collaborators a number of the most distinguished scholars, some of whom were Gabriel Kies.ser. E. Carmoly, J. L. SaalschUtz. S. I). Luzzatto, Leopold Zunz, Leopold Dukes. Julius FUrst, Leopold Liiw. Franz Delitzsch. Adolph Jellinek, Abraham (Jeiger. and I. M. Jost. It is interesting to Mote that Pii-iebus Philippson. bnitherof Ludwig,

Geschichte, Sitrachkunde, und Helletristik" (Impartial Orpin for All Matters of Jewish Inteicst I'ertaininir to Politics. Hclii^ion. Litemture. History. I'hiloloiry, and l!(lli-> Icttresi. Durinic thi' tirst two years three luunbers a week appeared: and for a year and a half a supplement was piililished three times a month, devoted to litIn Wi'.) the journal beCTalure and homiletics. came a weekly.' The •• Allu'inieine Zeitun;:" has never received a subsidy from any Jewish body. In 1H4H. when the publication of nearly all other Jewish journals was interrupted, tiie " Alliremcine Zeil una" l)rav<'d tin- storm and spoke out jilaiidy in the political turmoil. After ls."i;! a supplemi'Ut was published rei;ularly. entitled '•Jiidisches VolksblatI zur Hi-lehrunir und rnterhallunir auf Jiidischeni Ge biele" A Popidar Jewish Journal for Instruction and Entertainment on Jewish Sulijeclsi. On the death The <if Philippson. (iust:iv Karpeles became editor. j(purnal is now published in Berlin by Rudolf Mosse. lis lirst issue un(l<r Karpeles' editorship appeared Feb. !). l.'^itll. The outward appearance has been rhanired .so that tli<- literary part, which forms the bulk of the jia per. is now separal<il from the part containinir tin- new s. The latter is ]ia wd separately, and bears the title " DertJemeindebole." From the outset the " Alljiemeine Zeitung" met with success. A few weeks after the issue of its lirst inind)er a society of students in Leyden (llol-

JXTDEN-

(1811-89);

At the time of

Berlin.

led in the lirst year a series of (deven articles under the title "Ideas for an Encyclopedia and a Methodology of Jewish Theology.''

colli ril Ml

.Iiist, iViiifir Gcxcli. tier Inrnrlitrn, li. U9Luihriy P/iili;ni»iri, IHiK, pp. .M-tH; Dim liitlhr .liilirhviiilrrl (Iff All u- X' ". '' Jn'l- In AUu. Kixli Xiil. d. Jill/, issr. Nil. I. pp. 1-S.

l<iiii.iiioR.(riiv:

g

ALLGEMEINES ARCHIV DES

I.,iteiatur,

(

was formed

landl

to aid its circulation.

Even

in

obtained several hundred sibscribers; and within threiMuonths after theappearanceof the tirst nundier Philippson felt justly i-ontident of its mateThe journal aroused fjreat enthusiasm rial success. in the cultured Jewish circles of Germany. Austria, und Holland, anil exercised consideralile intlucnce on Judaism in prieral more espeiially in Gennany. wheri' it becami- a distinct factor in the evolution of

Poland

il

—

To its inlluence is due in a larire measure the establishment of a rabliinical seminary (I-ehranslalt fhr die Wissenschafi <lcs Juilint'hums in Berlin) and of a Jewish Publication Society (InstituI /ur Fi'irderun;; der Israelitischen lJt<ratur). as well AS the eallin;; together of a Jewish svuod (Leipsic,

Judaism.

THTJMS title Il

.Vmi.imIIiIv publicalioM, devoliid. as its indiralrs. to ihe general hisloiy of the Jews.

Philippson's chief aim was the civil emanelpntinn He carried on the tiirht for that cause of the Jews. Bil the paper Biesseranil others. l)ei;un by Gabrii gained further imjiorlance in <-onnection with the of the Jews, since inni't coiumunal and ndiiiious lif<' il devoteil attentiou to tin' organization cd' religions instruction, to theformof worship in Ihesynagogne. anil to the cultivation of Jewish learning in all its bnuiches. Jost, who in his " Neuere (ieschiehte der tit- fid), devoted a whole chapter to Israelilen " (iii. Allgemeine Zeitung," wdd "that it became the <'poch making in Jewish history by attempting for the lirst time to give a gent-ral view of Ihe life and conditions of the Jews." 1

1

1



was founded and edited by Jeremiah (Jerome)

Ileinemann. who. prior to

its iiublic.ilion

in Berlin

had edited an annual entitled "Jedidiah." From the date of its tirst issue it appeared irregularly mitil 1H44. w hen it had reached Ihe nuddle of its third volume and its jMdilication ceased (Winter in

lH:i!».

and Wilnsche, "Jlulische Literatur,"

iii.

SOl).

D.

ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE: A

society fiiuinlril

in

IstiO for the

protee-

and impiovemeiit of the Jews iM general, but mainly devoted to the interests of those in the east It was of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. established by six Jews of Paris (France): Aristide Aslruc. afterward chief rabbi of Belgium: Isidore Cahcn. editor of the "Archives Israelites"; Jides Carvallo. civil engineer; Narcisse Leven. lawyer; Prolissor Eugene JIanuel. and Charles Netter. merstanding, but at chant (died ISS-,')— all men of g lion

I

lime not particularly pi'ominent in the Paris community. Hepeated attacks upon the Jews by fanatical sects of various denominations had long made it apjiarent that something should be done on an organized scale. The as.sassination of Father Thomas at Damascus, in 1840, had given rise to an accusation of ritual murder against Ihe Jews of that city. Sir Moses MoMtcliore. logether with Adolphe Cremieux, a lawyer, and Solomon Munk, the eminent Orientalist, proceeded at once to Egypt to intercede with .Mehemil Alt and to defend the accusetl. This event brought forcilily to light Ihe neces.sity for a central organization that .shoidd undertake the defense of the op|)ressed Jews scattered throughout the world: and Ihe Jewish journals of Germany and France made earnest appeals for Ihe ciealion of such an insliliilion. Owing, however, to lack of agreement or perseverance, their uttenuices remained that

withiMil

A

any

crime

twenty years. Papal Stales in IMS, Ihe papal government,

jiraclical i.ssue for

perpi'lnili'<l

in the

with the connivance of anaised worldwide indignation.

A

child,

Edgar

torn from his Jewisli parents and forcibiv baptized. This outrage against religious liberty contributed much to strengthen Ihe general seiitimeiil for organized protection: and. a.s a result, two years later Ihe AlliaiMc Israi'lile rniverselle came into existence, under the auspices of t he abovi' named public spirited Jews of Paris. In an "Appeal" addressed to the public in December, isitll, Ihe task which the new siK-lety was about to a.ssume is stated as follows; Slortani,

18

was

ilifeiiil ilii' liiiiior iif till' .li'wlsh

imiiii'

wlienevi-r

il

Is

nl-

Inrki'il ; 1" iniiiiiniiP', I'v "H ineuii" iil i>iir ills|«>snl. the piirsnit nf tiiii'fiil tninitli-niftM lui-nitiluit. when' ntti.N.siirv. Itie t»ritnnini<4^ mill Hie eiiKi'iiiliTiil liv inipn-wlnii ; liiwiirli.livllii'ixiwiTiifiMTKiiiwiliiii unit liv iill Uie iiii.nil liillufnrii« iii "iir i-<>iiiniHn>l. fur llio finiuK-limtleii nf nur l>rt*(hn'ii who still buITit uiiiUt Uio liunlea