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312 Akiba Trani Aksakov

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

•who married Shabbetliai b. Isaiah Hurwit?,, became the ancestress of a family renowned for its learned men and his son (Jcrsoii was the progenitor of a notewortliy family of printers of that name.

BIBLIOCKAPIIY: Kniinkln. Mifii Shfinuel, pp. Ill f( nrq.; S. Kubn, A Zsiiluk Tr>r TrncU Maffiiurnnatiunn, I. :S7 c( fiq. Ha-iVfj*/i<r. Iv. 110 c/ urtj. Concerning Aklba's desfendants, see Melr Perels, ileoiltat Yuhasin.

AKIBA TRANI

B.

M K ELIJAH OF METZ

clopedia," xviii. 320, note, and "Nathaniel," 1900, p. V2^, note, not found in the oldest edition or manuscripts of the Mishnah, Talmud. " Yad hal.Iazakah," and "Shulhan 'Aruk.'' Imt has been put there by the censiirs in jilace of the words "Goy," "Nokri," and " 'Aliodah Zarah." BiBi.iocuAi'iiv



Fninz IVlltzsoh, It'd-v lir.

!«tein.

Till i'lj.:

inidHisihiiunn

n<i;i!iii|;"«

AimtiM liuhlimi

Tnlmniljurtf. 1881.

Hat

litjicliwtircn

rr

U'lVI, LSS).

AKNIN, JOSEPH BEN JtTDAH IBN.



A

312

Glossjirist vh(i lived in the eighteenth century. collection of hi.s casuistic glos-ses to tlie Tulniiidic

JosK.i'ii

treatises Zehahim and Meuahot. still extnnt. was pub" lished in Metz, 1T67, under the title " ila'yan Ganim

See

Ak|!V

(The Fountain of Gardens; Cant.

iv. 15).

Carmoly

("Itinerarium." p. 225) writes the name "Trenel." probably because it occurs amonjr French Jews (Steinscimeider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 729). Bibliography Benjacob, f>zar ha-Scfarim, p. 349. D. See Acc.D.

AKKAD.

AKKERMAN: government of

District, town, and village in the Hessiinibia, l{iissia, on the right bank

of the Dniester estuary, twenty-seven miles southwest of Odessa. The Jewisli population in the town in 1897 was 4,840, in the village 1,186, in the district 5,241. Akkerman has two public synagogues, three private prayer-hotises, and seven Hebrew schools. II. TJ.

AKKEZ. AKKTJB

1

.

Son of Elioenai, of the Judean royal

family (I Chron. iii. 24). 2. A Levit<>, porter at the east gate of the Temple (I Chron. i.. 17: Neh. xi. 19, xii. 25). Children of Akkub are found (Ezra, ii. 42, 45; Neh. vii. 45) in the list of the Levites and their olBces. Akkub is called Dacubi in I Esd. v. 28. 3. Levite who helped Ezra expound the Law (Neh. viii. 7), and who is mentioned in the account of perhaps I Esd. ix. 48, where he is called Jacubus the same as the preceding. G. B. L.

A

—

'AKKTJM

(m'35;):,

An

abbreviation formed

by

the initial letters of ni7T!D1 D'aaO 1311? ("worshiper of stars and constellations"). 'Akkum therefore came to be the Talmudical designation for heathen or idolater, and was originally applied to Chaldean star-worshipers. The term, however, plays quite a conspicuous role in the history of the calumniation of the Jews; for it has frequently been claimed that wherever harsh expressions or intolerant rules are given in the Talmud touching the 'Akkum, it is the non-Jew in general who is intended, and therefore the Christian as well. This, however, is erroneous, and every edition of the Talmvid bears upon its front page the solemn declaration of contemporary rabbis that wherever either of the terms " 'Akkum " or " Nokri" (" Stranger ") was used, it referred only to the idolatrous nations of antiquity or of distant lands, but never to such as believe in divine revelation and worship the Lord who created heaven and earth, among whom the Jews would live at peace, recognizing their righteousness and praying for their welfare. Censors often substituted " 'Akkum " for " Nokri " or " Goy " and thus the attacks were chiefly directed against the former word. But calumniators persisted in their malevolent misrepresentations of the Talmud. An instance of the extent of such misrepresentations wa.s afforded bj* Professor Kohling of Prague, who, in his pamphlet " Meine Antwort an die Rabbinen " (1883), p. 18, had the effrontery to declare that 'Akkum in the " Shulhan Aruk " is the abbreviation of 'Obed Christum u-Maria ("worshiper of Christ and Mary"). 'Akkum is, according to H. L. Strack in article "Talmud" in Herzog's "Ency,

'

ir.N

AERA, ABRAHAM

.Vknix.

IBN.

See

Abraham

ibn

AERABAH

(nnpy): A city situated one day's journey nortli from Jerusalem (Ma'as Sheni, v. 2; IJezah. .5<;. where the spelling is Nlipj;). It is probably identical with Akrabattene mentioned by Josephus ("B. J." iii. 3, t^ 5), which in the years preceding the destruction of Jerusalem was the scene of many sanguinary conflicts between the Judeans and the Samaritans. The Munich manuscript and early editions have DDIpV (Akrabat) for na'ipv (Akrabah). Tliis district must not be confused with the Biblical Akrabbim, which lies on the southeastern border of Judea. BiBlTOORAPHT Neubauer, «. T. pp. 76, 159; Gr&tz. Gcsch. d. Jiiilni,

M



I'd., 11.,

second part,

p. 354.

M. B.

AKRABBIM

See Hakkez.

.liuMi

ni N

("The Scorpion Ascent

This is mentioned in connection with the southeastern boundary of Judah (Num. xx.xiv. 4; Josh. xv. 3; Judges, i. 36). It is probably one of the passes which lead from the northern sloi)e of the great "Wadi-el-Fikre to the desert plateau and which afford communication between Edomand Judah. Though it is not po.ssibIe to identify it absolutely with any particular pass, the suggestion that

with the Nakb-el-Safa has two

"):

it is

identical

jioints in its favor;

viz., (1) the evident antiquity of the pass, and (2) the traces of a path cut in the rock (Robinson, "Researches," ii. 120). Akrabbim may, however, be the Nakb-el-Yemen, which lies farther to the west, but

apparently an easier road (Trumbull, "KadeshBarnea," plate III.). From this pass the surrounding region derived the name of Akrabattene (,Iosephus," Ant."xii. 8, § 1 "B. J."ii. 22, §2; iv. 9. §4; I JIacc. V. 3). This region must not be confused with the mountiiin district of Akrabattene, which lies to the north of Bethel (Josephus, "B. J." ii. 20, § 4; iii. 3, tJS: iv. 9. ^9; Eusebius, "Onomastica Sacra," ed. Lagarde, 214-261). F. Bu. is



AKRISH, ISAAC

B.

ABRAHAM



Scholar,

bibliophile, and eiliior; born in S|iain about 1489; The Arabic form of the name, as died after 1578. Steinscimeider has pointed out, occurs in a manuscript of Algiers. In a list of forty-eight Jewish families living at Saguntum in 1352 (published by Chabret,"Hist. deSagunte," ii. 186) the name I<pach Acri.x occurs, which Loeb ("Rev. Et. Juives,"xix. 1.59) rightly interprets as Isaac Akrish. No mention is found in the medieval Jewish chronieven in Sambari's historic sketch, where alhim in the annals of Egyptian Jewry might Some autobiographic data, however, be expected.

of Akrish

cles; not lusion to

are contained in his writings. The introduction to his edition of a triple commentary on the Song of Solomon informs us that he belonged to those exiles from Spain (1492) who, having settled at Naples, were afterward compelled to leave it also (1495). Though

lame in both legs, he was a wanderer well-nigh throughout his life, among peoples " whose tongues he knew not, and who regarded neither old men nor