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294 Al^med Hamdi Ahriman

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

and similar 9iiV)ji'Cts.

whidi an admission fee was larirc aiKliiiiccs: and iu of IS'jy he was returned to the

for

cliarjifd. Avercattcndi-il 1)V till' jn'iii'ral

Heichstajr

t'li'Ctions

by two constituencies.

In

l^i*.")

lie visiti'd

view of starting an anti Semitic agitation there but althiiugli he remained in tlie country about a year, he failed in his object. Discharged from his ])osition as rector. Ahlwardt edited various newspa|)ers. among others the " IJuudschuli" but neither his journalistic nor his conuiiercial enlcrjirises were successful, though he employed the unscrupulous tactics which he claimed were practised by prominent Jews in the business world. He conducted a cigar-store under the name of his son-inlaw in order to avoid attachments by creditors. In Germany his name, like that of Druuiiuit in France, symbolizes the worst fonn of anti-Semitism.

America

with the

,



BlHMOfiRAniY: (Irs

Mittlii:Uniiiir}i aun fh-m ^'^^^rin zur Ahitrhr Antisemifijitnus^ IsiKt; Kayser. liUchcr-LrxiCftn, xxvll. 1*1 x.w il. and x.wiii. .s-r. D.

and icf i>tt'r

AHMED HAMDI, PASHA.

See

Hamdi,

AlIMl-Il-

A^MED-PASHA

Turkish vizier and viceroy of Egyi)t imder Solyman II.. the JIagniticent {1.52015(i). He received these honors as rewards for valor displayed at the comjuest of HIkjcIcs (l.'JS:!). Hut Ahmed had hoped to be made grand vizier, and in

his disappointment iilanned to detach Egypt from to declan' himself its independent ruler. He sought to induce the Jewish farmer of the mint Abraham de Castro to place his name on the coins. De Castro pretended compliance, and obtained a writ tenoider to that effect over Ahmed's signature. 'With this evideuce he secretly left Eg_V|it for Constantinople and informed Solyman of Ahmed's treason. Foiled thus in his plans, Ahmed avenged himself upon the .Jews of Cairn; he imprisoned some of them, and gave over the Jewish quarter to the JIamelukes to pillage, but recalled this permission when his ad viser ^Nluni reminded him tliat the Jews" property should by right belong to him and not to the plunderers. He then summoned to his palace twelve prominent Jews and onlered them to jiay an exorbitant sum of money (200 silver talents) within a short time, imder penalty of death to all the Jews of the city. For security he retained tliem as hostages. To a request for delay he gave no heed, but reiterated his threats. In this desperate conilition the Jews instituted a public fast and day of prayer and jieiiitence. Samuel Sidillo gathered children under the age of twelve to pray in the synagogue. In the mi'anwhile a large sum of money, amoimting to about a tenth part of the sum demanded, was colleited and offered as payment on account. Ahmed's private secretary Zada. in reply, gave orders to put the collectors in irons, and announced that they and all the rest of the .lews would be put to death as soon as the viceroy should leave the bath where he then was. At the very moment when this threat was uttered, Ahmed was attacked in the bath and severely wounded by a band of conspirators headed by one of his viziers, Mohamed Bey. Ahmed escaped from his assailants,

Turkey and

but was subsequently captured aial beheaded (in HeThese events, taking |ilace in JIarch. I."i24 (.ilar 27, 28), were long afterward commeni orated by the Eg_vptian Jews as the Cairo Ptu'im (Puinm al Mizriyin). A " Megillah " (Purim narrabiul-Achir).

tive) detailing

them was drawn up.

BlBLiOGRAi'iiY Solomon ihn Verca, fllirhit Yclmilali, German translation by M. Wii'iier. iiji. 228, 2L''.t. Hanover, 18.56; Josepii tia-Kohen. ^Enuk ha-BaJio^ German translation hv M. Wiener, p. 7a, Leipsic', 1».'>S; (iriitz, (Jmrh. <l. Juileii,

ed.. Ix. 20

('(

sea.



.Joseph

Osmanlnchen Reiehis.

Sore ha-LxtruU

von Hammer- I*urKstall,

Hi. 35 pp. 32/) et »;ij.

t'(

.•«:<;.,

M

fii'<ch. tics

Pestlj, ItSJS: Conforte,

H K

AHOIilBA.

894 See Onoi.iAU.

AHOLIBAMAH. See Ohoi.ibamah. A^OT 5ETANNAH, njDP mm ("The

Lit-

Sister." Song .Sol. iii. Sj: A /iizni'Hi (ritual poem) of eight stanzas, signed with the acrostic of Abniham Hazan, and sung in the Sephardic ritual before the commencement of the New-year's evening prayer, he refnun running, "Jlay the year end with her woes! " changed in the last stanza to "May the year begin with her blessings! " The author, a cantor who was born in Salonica in l.")*}, was probably also the composer of its beautiful melody in the hypo ilorian mode (minor scale without the leading note) which has been slightly developed iu the tle

course of tradition. This meloily has many stinking points of similarity to eontenii)orary airs from the region of the Greek archipelago, such as those analyzed by Bourgault-Dueoudray, which, he remarks, i)o.ssess a certain amount of Italian coloring. In the present melody the Italian Jews have obviously modified the original air in the direction of a more ditiiiite coloring of this nature, but tlu' Dutch, Knglish. and West Indian Sephardim have retained .some Oriental l)eculiarities that give their version the appearance of a more faithful tradition thiin the Italian. The music follows on ]iage 2"J.j. F. L. C.

AHRIMAN

(

Angro-mainyush

In the .Mazilian rehas his real opposite in
 * identical with

Satan, the Devil, Armilus) ligion, the evil deity,

who



Spi'iita Mainyii, "tlu^ beneficent [holy] spirit."

The

was

identilied at a later jieriod, if not originally, with Ahur.-imazda. Ahriman would seem to latter

have existed as long as Ahuramazda: for, according to the conceptions of the Mazdian religion, immeasurable space has always existed, with its two hemispheres of light and darkness; each with its jiarticular spirit: the one, that of light or life, ami the

—

other that of darkness or death the spirits, in short, of good and of evil. Ahunimazda, however, is the real originator of this |)resent world, for Ahriman created only the harmful and unclean animals, diseases, evil s]iirits (da'vas), sin and death; and he seeks continually to destroy the whole good creation. Ahrim.in's might, too, is very terrible in the eyes of the faithful believer of the Mazdian faith; for he jjos.sesses a whole kingdom of evil beings, who are obedient tools in his hands for annihilating the creaof Ahuramazda and for briniring men to vioAmong these evil spirits there arc lent ilest ruction. six that are in intimate <'oiitact with his pei-son. as there are six Ameshaspentas that surround just Ahuramazda. The number six may be an invention of a later period for the sake of arriving at a counterpart to Ahuramazda's body-guard, lint it is certain that .liiiman, too, according Ahuratt) the testimony of tiie Mazdian religmazda and ion in its earliest epoch, is surrounded tiiais

AJiriman.

by an army of

evil beings like-minded with himself. The whole history of the world is one long continued struggle between Ahuramazda and Ahriman. The course and outcome of the struggle are, however, settled beforehand. The conflict is to proceed for 12.000 years, divided into four

l)eriods of 3.000 years each.

At the close of the last period, the Saoshyat or Sosiosh, the Messiah of the Parsees, will arise and make an end of Ahriman's dianinion, not, however, until he has been allowed to exercise his sway to an extent before unknown. Sosiosh will at the same time raise all the dead to lifi'. hold final judgment upon the earth, and inaugurate the regeneration of the present world.