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219 (2) Literal interpretation of the whole Bible, including the Old Testament and the Mosaic law. The notion of waiting for the Second Advent of Jesus, calfulatcd to take place duiinjr the present generation, originated in England (E. Irving), spread over Ireland (A. Darliv) and (icrniany (I. A. liengel), and became especially popvdar iu England under the inlhience of W. .Miller of Pilts-

(xxxvii. 13).

New

Mass., the prophet wlio predicted the coming of the .M<-ssiah in the year Vii'i. basing his calculation principally on the "seventy weeks" of Daniel. A <livision oi the AdventistsaccentuatedtheSabbathof Creation, and the consequence was the formation of the SevkxtuD.w Adventists. Some insisted also on abstinence from swine's flesh, in accordance with the Mosaic law. tield.

Carroll, Religiinig ForffS of the United New York. IHiH; Wlilte. Sketehen of the Life of M'illiiim Miller, Itattlo Creek, Mli-hlmin. IsTit; LoughborouBh,

BIBI.IOGRAPIIT

Stalm. i?uf

Adultery

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

219

and

l*rnijrc»tt

of SeventU-Uaii

iia])tiitts.

Battle Creek.

MicUlKsin, IHUl.

K.

^GIDITTS OF VITERBO or iEGIDIUS ANTONIUS CANISIUS): Cardin.il and Cliristian boiii in ITO at the N'illa Canapina. in the diocese of Viterbo. of rich and noble ]iarents. After a course of studies with the .Vugusliniansat Viterbo. he was made doctor of theology, and in l-jOS became general of his order. He died November 12, l.'i3"3. In Jewish history the name of /Egidius (or Egidio) is coupled tirst with the grammarian Elias Levita. who instructed him iu Hebrew. Wlii'n the turmoil of war drove Levila from Pailua In Hume, he was welcomed at the house of .Egidius, where, with his family, he lived for more tlian ten years, all his wants being supplied. It was there that Levita's career as the foremost tutor of Christian notables in Hebrew lore commenced. The tirst edition of Levita's "Hahur" (Home. l-'dS) is dedicated to /Egidius. In return for liis Hi'brew inslruction -Egidius quite willingly introduced Levila into the profane branches <if learning and the (reek language, thus enabling the latter somewhat to ulili/.e (Jri'i'k in his Hebrew lexicographic labors a debt freely acknowledged by Levita. who. in 't'i, didicatedliis" Concordance" to the cardinal. It must be noted, however, that /Egidius' anxiety to master the sacred tongue sprang neither from philological inclinatimi nor from a de sire to attain a better mellaid of liiblical e.egesis: his main molivc was thus to be eiiabli'd to penetrate Ibi' mysteries of the Cabala. Asacabalist. .Egidius belongi'il to the interesting group (jf sixleenlh-century Christians, among whom l{enchliii and Pico della Mimndola also were prominent, who believed that Jewish mysticism, and parlicularly the Zohar. contained inconlrovertil)h' testimony to the truth of the Cliristian relii;ion (lonipare Caiiai.ists. Ciiuis TIAN). No wonder, then, that in the eonrs<> of l{<-uchlin's conllici with the obscurantists (l.")OT-'.Jl). in which the preservation of the Jewish linnks was at i.ssue. the <anlinal wrote (I.'ill!) to his counigeous and enlightened friend: "While we labor on thy behalf, we deliml not thee, but the law, not the Talmud, but the Church." .Egidius also engaged <'alialist;

1

—

another Jewish scholar.

IJarucli

him the Znhar

di

Henevenio,

ici

(the inysli<- Hook of Splendor). The scholar last nanieil may also have been partly rcspiinsibic for the numerous cabalistic Iranslalions ami Irealises which appiiired uriilcr the name of .i'.gidius. The cardinal appears to have been a zealous cDlleclor of llelirew manuscripts, of which many are still to be seen at the Munich Library, bearing both faint tnici'sof his signature and

translate

for

.S^zuillus

brief Latin annotations. In the Angelica at Rome an exceedingly valuable old Bible manuscript is extant, which was given by Leo X. to .l^'gidius. The British JIuseum contains a copy of Makiri and the Midrash on the minor Prophets, written for the cardinal at Tivoli, in the year l.")14. by Johanan b. .Jacob Sarkuse. The study of .Jewish literature led the cardinal to a friemily interest in the Jews themselves, which he manifested botli in his energetic cncouragenK'nt of Heuchlin in the struggle referred to above and in a vain attempt which lie made in the year l,");jl, in conjunction with the cardinal Geronimo de (iliinucci, to prevent the issue of the papal edict aulliori/ing the introduction of the Inquisition against the Maranos. The writings commonly attributed to .Egidius are ntimerous. Most of them are to he found in manuscript form in the Bibliotheiiuc Natiouale, Paris, but their authenticity is still to be established. Aside from minor works on the Hebrew language, the majority by far arc of a cabalistic nature. There is scarcely a classic of Jewish medieval mysticism that he has not translated, annotated, or coinmeuted upon. Among these works may be mentioned the Zohar (Splendor): "Giiinat Egoz'' (Nut-Garden); "Sefer Raziel" (Book of Raziel); "Ma'areket ha-Elohut" (System of Theology): " 'Eser Sefirot " (Ten Sefirot).

BIBLIOCRAPIIY: Michi'r.Ockhrlen-Lrxikon. supplement,

eii.

Adeluntr, I. ools. 'Sii <( «<(.; Geiii'er, Dait Sludium il. Ilelir. Sinaelie in Dcutnehland. p. .'iti; (iriilz, llefcti. d. Jutlcn. 3d ed,. Ix, iKi, M. 214, X6; Peril's, neilrilyc zur (liscli. d. llehr. u. Arnmdisilun Studieu, pp. 17(l,2(»if( wi/., Munich. 1S84; Kraus, ( IrieeliiKche u. Lateini.irhi- Lilinirrirter.U'.m: Stelnschnelder, I'liriKllirlie Hiliraixlrn. In Xeit. f. Helir. DihI. I. Il:i; Idem, Oil. lliidl. col 2140; |<leni. Cat. Monicli. pp. it:!. ITiI; liulier. Ydlh. Mucliiri, lulroductlon.

H. G. E.

.a;LIA CAPITOLINA. See Jerisalkm. JEMILIXJS, PAULUS (called also da Gin, ('... Grynseus) Hebrew bibliographer. |)ublishcr. an<l teacher; born at Rodlsee. Germimy, i)robably iu

the lirst quarter of the sixteenth century embRiccd Christianity in Home; died l.")?."). He was employed in copying Hebn'W uianuscripts, and fortius purpose visited the lilirariis of Paris, Jjnivain. and Home. In l.')44 heedited and printed at .Vng.sburga Jud.eoGcrnian translation of the Pentateuch and the Haftaidt, dedic:iting il to Widmannstadl, custodian of the Hebrew diparlmcnl of the Jlunich Libniiy. GrUnbaum ("JlUlisch Deutsche Chrcslomalhie," p, 14) thinks that .Emilius copied from the Cremona edition of l.'j4(l. The translation is.on the whole, the same which is used at the present time (1901) in Poland. Perles supjioses that -Emilius. together with Isjiac of (ihnzbnrg. was the editor of the Jnihvo-Gerinan " Sefer liaMusar" (Book of Ethics), published at Isny inl.'ilJ. In I.">IT .Emilius wasappoinud professor of Hebrew al Ingnlstadt and in the following year he published an ami Jewish paniphlel. In l.">t>'.2 heedited a Juiheo (ierman Iranslalion (in German chaniclei-s) of the Bonks of Samuel, without, however, making know n that it was a copy of a similar trans;



lation

— though

ill

Helirew lettCrs

— published

in

by Hayyini Si'hwarz. In l.">74 he was engaged for forly-si.v weeks at the Munich Liand revising the catalogue of Hebrary in niakiiu: brew manuscripts and bonks. Thus Paidus .Emilius was the tirst Jew isli bibliographer. .ugsburg.

l.">4:i.

Sleliiwlinelder, Silziiniii'lietieMf iter Brt|/r(nsehnflen, I'htliMojthtM-h-Pliiht' IST.S; (inlnlMiiim. J1idi.srh' lteut!*che 11., l'lire:«;>«: Idem. Urilrflur Jiir (leivh. drr litISTil.

lip. hrdlfrhen tniit Animitifichen Studieu, pp. I5.J, ltl, ITtX

Iliiii.Kiint.M'llv Ht'hi'ii

Ahodi

toifiHehe

Munleh.



nlie iler M'iiwi

I'ltiAH,,

ISt^,

-M,

B.