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212 — Adrammelech

TIIK

Adriauople

JKWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

any case it would nipri-ly show that such creinution was not unknown in Habylonia as a |)unishnunl. It could soirirly have oxist'cd as a nOijiious observance, or even as a

common form

of torture; otherwise

If this theory the Habylonian Sipjiaral oneearises. be eorreel. the name Adrammelech would have to be re'rar<led as the secondary title of the sunjrod Shamash, who was the tutelary deity of Sippar. Hut, as no such secondary title e.xists in the inscriptions, Many there is no evidence to support such a view. scholars suggest that Sepharvaiin (I,XX. -f-iSu/jii, 2err nu) is identical with "Sliabaraiii," a city mentioned in the Babylonian Chronicle as haviuL' been As Sepharvnim is destroved by Shalinaiu'ser II. mentioned in connection with Hamatli and Ariiad (11 Kings, xvii, 24, .wiii. 34) there is every reason

Sepharvaim may thereto regard it asa Syrian city. fore be another form of "Shabarain." which is probably the Assyrian form of Sibraim (K/.ek. xlvii. 10), a city near Damascus, If this be so, then any attempt at seeking an Assyrian etymology for the god-names Adrammelech and Anammelcch can not, of course, The fact, loo, that the practise of sucriliee succeed. by lire was well known in Syria and is mentioned oidy once in connection with Raliylon (compare Prince, "Daniel," p. 75) would ajipear to confirm this view. It is quite imiiossible with our i)reseiit knowledge to arrives at any SiJtisfactory conclusion with regard to the exact meaning of the god-name Ailrammclcch. The utmost that can be said is that the word " Adr" occurs in Pheiiician as a god-name in the form nxjnv "Itnadr" (Baethgen, "Beitriige zur Semitiselicn Keligioiisgeschichte,'" p. 54), ami that "Adr" apjiears as an eiiithet in connection with another divine name in the piojier name Adarbaal (Baudissin, " Studien zur Semitiselicn ReligionsThere is no essentially Syrian geschielitc," i. 312). god Adar.

The

Talmud

teaches (Saidi. 3/<) that Adrannnelech was an idol of the Sci)harvaim in the shape of an ass. This is to

be concluded from his name, which is compoinded of IIN "to carry" (compare SyriacmS), and -jpo "a king." These heathen worshi]ied asfiod the same animal which carried their burdens (Sanli. /.c. see also Rashi's explanation of this passage which in;

" to distinguish,"

by carrying "). Still niX another explanation of the name asiribes to the god the form of a peacock and derives the name from ("king"); Ycr, luldi- ("magnificent") and melek L. G. 'Ab. Zarah, iii. 42(?. 2. Son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (II Kings, xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38), who, with his" brother Sharez.er, slew their father while he was praying in the temple of Nisroch at Nineveh, and afterward th'd to Armenia. The revolt against Sennacherib is clearly nientionetures, mentions two sons Nergilusanil Adramelus which Polyhistor gives in the form " Ardumusanus" (p. 27). It should be added, however, that the existence in Assyro-Babyloinan of the form Adar as the nameof a god is not altogether certain, although it is juobable that the god-name which a|ipears ideographically Adar is the name as Ninib should be read Adar. of the last month of the year; but if this be the name of a god, it can hardly be identical with the god Ninib-Adar, who represents the sun in the east terprets

—

probably the vernal snn. It must also be borne in that it is by no means certain that the word is concealed in the name Adnimmclech.

mind Adar

J.

it

would have been mentioned in the inscriptions. The ([Uestion whether Scidiarvaim is necessarily

In Rabbinical Literature

212

"

—

—

ADRET

I).

P

A

prominent Spanish-Jewish family, members of which are known from the thirteentli to the lifteenth century. In Spanish documents the name is always written Adrel, and in a Hebrew manuscript in the Bodleian Library (Xo. 2218 = Pococke, p. 280/') wc have the punctuation "^

P nr'-t:' In u poem of the sixteenth century in favor of the study of philosophy, the name is punctuatcil "^?'* (II. Ilirschfeld, ".lew. Quart. Rev." xii. 141). The form "Adereth," given by some writers, is therefore wrong. The family very probably obtained ils name from a plac( eillier the village of Les Adrcts. department of Var, France (compare Francois de Beaiunont, Baron des Adrets), or from some town in Spain (" Rev. fit. .luives," xxi. compare below Abuau.m de Adueto, and 148 J^?.'!'*



Solomon

Adhet).

T)E

Following arc the known members of the family: Abraham Adret, who. after his conversion at Barcelona in 13',(1. took the name Bernardo Lunez ("Rev. fit. .luives." iv. fil. o, 123). Abraham de Adreto, mcntioiKd in the archives of Aragon as having received a panlonaftiT he had been condemned for consorting with a Christian woman, May, 1272 (Jacobs, "Sources," p. 38, No. G32).

Abraham ben Solomon Adret. Bolll." cnl.

Uncertain (" Cat.

22lil»l,

Galvandarez Adret, who was Ini|uisiti(in p. 7.

Xo.

in

a victim of the Valencia in 1487 (Jacobs, "Sotirces,"

<,Mi,

Nathan Adret, who,

after his conversion at Bar-

look the

name Francisco Bertram

celona

ill

("Rev.

13!il.

Kt. .luives," iv. 60,

Solomon Adret, who

Xo, 108). mentioned

in a Barcelona document of the year 1202 (Jacobs, "Sources," p. 16, Xo. 215; compare p. 130); supposed to be the grandfather of Solomon .Vdret (Ludovicus Guixar; see Kayserling, in "Jew. t^uart. Ri'v." viii. 4!«i). Ikis also menticmed as Solomon de Adret (Jacobs, "Sources," p. 42, Xo. 713). See Solomon Auret, below. Solomon Adret, who, after liiscouversioii at Barcelona ill l:!i(l. took the name Ludovicus Guixar ("Rev. fit. .luives." iv. Oil. No. 71), is

Solomon Adret, of Tortosa, who was punished by the Valencia Ini|uisitioii, October, 1490, together with

—

" por la ley de "Clnistoplier Columbus." p.

Isabel, his wife

serlinir.

Mozen

"

(Kay-

!!).

Solomon ben Abraham Adret, of Genoa, lived toward the end of the thirteenth century. G. Cabalist of the eighteenth He possessed lived and died in Smyrna.

ADRET, MOSES century





an extraordinary memory and was thoroughly acquainted with Talniudic and rabbinic literature. He composed twelve works, among which were commentaries on the "Mishneh Torah " of Maiinonides, the "Ilalakot" of Aslier ben Jchiel, and the ritual codes. Adret wrote also rabbinical decisions and novelhe to almost all of the treatises of the Babylonian Talmud, but only a few of these works have appeared in print, under the title pitTO "113 (" Moses Blessed"). Salonica, 1802. Bibliography Azulat, Shem Im-Gcdolim,

1.

130.

M. K.

ADRET, SOLOMON BEN RaSHBa) celona





Siiaiiish

died in 1310.

ABRAHAM

(or rabbi; born in 1235 at BarAs a rabbinical authority his