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204 — Adonai Melek

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Adon 'Olam

for tho Italians have perhaps approximated to the Ashkcna/iin in tliis rcspict) tlic mclddics arc in tended more forcongrejralidnal siiiginj; tlian for the

the Middle

Of the

Mnestoso.

pi

==^ A

.

i

-

minor

scales.

Finally, the old northern intonations often differ phrase with wliicb tiny ilnsr. alike fnim the Bcphardic and from modern melodies, since the cadence rarely rises to the keynote, but falls to it, or often to the dominant, as in the " plagal cadence," a frequent form of which is given in the e.anii)le in the

ADONAI MELEK

M—

do

— constructed,

in scales

is.

gSepliai-aiMi. =1=

-

Aces are largely "modal"

such as those of the Callinlic plainsong, whcr<> the "tonic" is some note other than tho do or Id of the modern modes, and the semitones in consequence fall into a dilTerent position in the octave from those which chanicterize the major and that

cantor's elat)oration. Thus they usually present a detiuite rhythmic form, with the simple outline of a folk-song, from which, indeed, many were first adapted; and their tonality rarely is other than the minor or the major mode. TheSe])hurdim have more traditional strains suited for rendciinjr by a coiijrregational unison, and as a result these melodies have varied but little in local tradition. In the Ashkena/.ic lituriry, however, the cantor was, from ancient times, not so much the leader of

A..

204

I

!==

I

I

"^1


 * t=

nai.

A

lek,

do

-

•

ma

nai

•

Ink,

I

^=§^= do

B.

lok

Of the

-

'ed.

-

lak,

A.«>ilil£Ciiazim.

Lento.

^E^ me

do

P

wa

lam.

le

-

lek,

A

-

1^-

h

-*-^

itz

W:

yim

do

lok.

ma

do

i

=az lam

le

ed.

C. Anotlioi* 'Ci'sio»i Lento.

A

-

do

-

yim

the congregational song as the practised vocalist who musically interpreted the te.t to the listening congregation. Jlore fiirely, in consequence, were tho melodies foimded on, or imitated from, the secular music of the land and time; but they were developed from snatches of tune of earlier origin or from brief quotations from parts of the service-music of cognate intention. Thus the northern intonations for ]iaral!el i)assagcs arc. generally, nearer to cantillation than to tune, of irregular and unrhythmic form, and the original lines are well overlaid with melismatic adornment, ill-adapted for congregational rendering, and frequently varying in non-essential details, according to the" particular line of tradition. Moreover, the northern melodies handed down from

Bourgault-Ducoudray has drawn attention

above,

to the frequent occurrence of this interval in the melodies of the Levant. F. L. ('.

ADONI-BEZEK.— Biblical Data kin.i:

(-ludges.

i..")-7),

in the

town of



Canaanitish

Ik'Zek.

He

w-as

routed by .Tudah and fled, but was caught. His thumbs and great toes were cut off. as a divine retribution as he himself acknowledged for the same mutilation visited by him upon .seventy kings. Such treatment rendered the captives practically harmless in case of war, as they could neither run nor handle the bow. I. M. P. See Adoxi-zf.dkk.

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—

In Rabbinical Literature : The Midrash suggests that the purport of the Biblical account of