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connection with tliis comnicnlaiy he cditeil the ''ScfiT Yaer." or " I'atslicgcn." ami a Masonili on the Tarj;iiiri); (H) " Aliabat Youatan " (The Love of .lonathan), a work in the sjune styh' as the "Netiiiali" on liie soeaHed Tari;iim of Jonathan, consisting of Ihrei- parts. (ill

Jiir. Quart. lUv. aiiiljiic. ll'i.WiJ, .lull. :.'4. IWKI.

1!iiii.i(ii:rai'11V

II.


 * i«l-3St;

Jiw. Chran. G.

ADLER, SAIVIUEL

L.

American ral)lii, Talniiidisl, anil author; liorn at Worms, (ierinanv, IMllil: ilicd ill Xew York, June it, 1H!)1. Dec. 3, Kroni his fallicr,

Isaac Adlcr,

dayyanim, oras.sociate received his

ler

liihlical

tlic'

Whiii his



(iirnian

who

luid

rnlibis. in

lieeii

one of the

Worms, young Ad-

instruction iu llelirew an3. 1H22) he left five young children in straitened cirlirsl

and post

Bililieal literature

Halilii Isaac

widow and

Samuel, though then but thirteen, in of iniiunieralile diltieultics and e.xtreine ])rivation. continued his studies at w i/is/iihut (Taluuidical college's) in his native city ami in Frankfort-onthe Main. |iursuing at the same time regular classical and g<'neral studies at the high schoolsof those cities. After gra<luating from the Kraiikfoit (iymnasiuiii, Adler entered, in is:31, the Iniversity of Bonn ami later that of (iiesscn, where, in 1M8, lie received tlu' degree of doctor of philosophy. His first ollieial position was that of preacher and assistant ralibi in Worms. In 1«4'J he was elected rabbi of the Jewish cumstances. sjiite

congregations iu Alzey and its neighborhood, and he remained in this position until ls.")T. Aliout the beginning of that year he received a call from tin' congregation Emanii El in New York, as successor to Dr, L. Mcrzliaeher. who had died a few monlhs previously. Adieraccepled the call, and in March, 18.57, enlered on the duties of his otlice. He remained active as the siiiritual licail of this congregation until 1H74, in which year he was made rabbi emeritus and relieve<l from active work for the rest of his life. G.

was his succes.sor. Samuel Adler was not merely a thorough Talmud ical scholar; he was also a master of the entire lield of knowledge coiici'rning the Jews. Whatever hail any relation to his coreligionists their history, religion, literature, etc.— interested him and was studied by him. He was not only a scholar, but also a man of vigorous action. During the twenty-one years of Gotthcil

his enri'cr iu Germany he took part eiiergeticallv in the effort sal that time being made to remove the civil disabilities of the Jews, especially the oath iiii/rc

He succeeded in obtaining the introduction of the teaching of thc> .b wish religion in the

,/iifliiifii.

lower and higher schools of Worms on eipial tcriiis with ProlcstanI ami Catholic leaching. He labored earnestly to secure the recognition of the ei|Uality of llie si'xes in mattiTs of religion. It was through his intluence that the barrier was leveled which had separated the womc-u's synagogue from that of the

nun

in

the aniiint

synagogue of Worms.

He gave

his special aIN'ntion to the improvement of the re ligious instruction of the young, both in the city and in

Adler, Nathan Marcus Admissious iu Evidence

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

199

the rural schools of

He made

it

his

aim

to

manners upon a basis of inward conviction, and favoring a gradual transformato rest the reformation of

tion rather than an abrujit transition from the old to the new. Ileatlenihil thethree great nibbinieal coiifereiices held ill lirunswiek (1S44). Frankfort -on-lheJlain (1M4.J), and Hreslau (b'^Hi). respectively, and took a notable purl in their proceedings. In ls.")4 he was elected rabl)i and preacher by the Jewish reform congregation in l,eniberg, (Jalicia. but he declined the call. Throughout his life Adler was an untiring student, and his haiipiest hours were those spent in his library. He belonged to what may be called the histoiico-critical .school in the science of Judaism. He conlributed scholarlv arlieles lo several learned periodicals; for example, " Coiilributions to the His-

tory of Sailduceeism," "Jewish Conference Papers" (New York, ISHO)," Benedictions" (Xi'W York, 1SS2). Some of these the author collected and published under the Hebrew title, " Kobez 'al Yad " (Collections), New York, 1MH, mainly as a .souvenir for his friends. His extensive library of rabbinica was ])resented by his family to the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati. liuu.iimii.UMiv: mill,


 * i[.

S::iiiit(iii<liUitt

del-

New

Ytirkei- Slaatszeit-

l.siu.

B.

F.

ADLER, VICTOR:

Austrian physician, journalisl. and Iradir ot In- .ustrian labor movement born at Prague, June ",'4, IS.VJ. Having been graduated as M. D., he settled in Vienna, where his professional practise brought him in contact with the Vienna poor. Adlerbegan tostudy theireconomic conditions. which led him to an examination of the whole social problem. So intense became his interest in Ihissiibjcct, that he gave up his practi.se and devoted himself entirely to socialism. When he joined the socialistic movement, the working ela.sscs of Austria were disorganized and wasted their energies in fiicI



]ilots. Owing to his of economics, his keen wit,

and anarchistic

tional tights

uncommon knowledge

and oi-ganizing ability Adler beiame aiioweramong them, and in IMilO. after several years of educational work carried on as speaker and editor of the "Gleicliheit," he united them into a strong |)olitical party. Under his leadershiii the chief elTorts of the party

were now diiected toward .securing universal suffrage. During this perioil of great agitation Adler was one of the most prominent figures in .ustria. The government made concessions, and on March 9, IHilT, for the lirst time in their history, the working men of Vienna went to the iiolls ami elected fourteen of their candidates. Adler, who had been nominated in one of the parliamentary districts in Vienna, w as defeated, owing to a combination of all

He has pub

the Antisemitic forces against him.

numerous pamphlets on nomic i|uestions and lianslated lislicd

and ecoStepniiik's "Pea-

giolitical

sants" from Hussian into ticrman. Since 1S!)4 lie has been editor in chief of the "Wiener ArbeiterZcitung" and a lontribulor to sevenil politico economic reviews. Hini.iiKiRiiMiv I.udwto F.I»i>nt)erK, Dnn (leMiye II'fcM, I. 2

which he hail the supervision. enhance Hie order, the solem

ami the dignity of the public worship. He was instrumental in founding a number of new

June

lllls-H.

ADMAH

nily.

named 111),

in

("Heil" or "Hed

the gemaloi;ical

whose king was Sliinab

list

„

»r

Kuim>"i'><li<i<<.l Siicial Ktfiirm,»..

Liiml"). A lown of Canaiin (lien .x

((ien. xiv. 2. 8)

It

was

haritable inslliulions. Above all, lie labored with palieni zeal to instruct the coni;legaliiiiis under his charge in their ancestral religion, lo liberate them from the deadening inllueiiee of literalism, anil to ipiicken in Ihem the spirit of Jmlaism. In this pn ileavor he fric|Uently drew upon liie storehouse of his great Taliuudie learning for Iheargumcnts which

deuce

he used

witnesses, and be of a disinterested ami iinparlial

(

in his

struggle for proga-.ss, seeking always

ileslroycil together is

not mentioned in

of those

(IVut.

two

.x.xi.x,

with

Sodom and

(iomornih. It the narrative of (he destruction

but hiler accounts ivfer lo Hosen. .i. S). G B L

cilii'S,

2;t;

ADMISSIONS IN EVIDENCE in .b uisji l:iu

must be

atti slid



The

by

it

b.st evi

al lea.st

two