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197 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

197

Rabbi Kunreutlier. afterward continued his

uiuler

Hebrew

studies in Gelnbiuisen. as well as at the Talmudic College in Frankfurt, where, amonir others. Habbi Solomon Trier and Habbi Aaron Fwld were On leavini; the college, he pursued a his teacliers. course of pedagogical studies at the Teachers' Seminary at Weimar, and. after graduatiou there, accepted the position of teacher in his native town, I.engsfeld. In 18.5-t Adler emigrated to America, and soon after his arrival was elected teacher aiiii l)reacher of the .lewish congregation at Detroit. In IHIil he received a call from the Keliillath Anslie (" Congregation of the Men of the West "). !Ma'arabh of Chicago; with which he remained conneete<l until his death. During the latter part of his life his congregation relieved him from tlie duties of his ofTicial position, and thus contributed to his ease and comfort in his declining years.

Adler was an exceedingly modest and unassuming man. He abhorred every kind of polemic, every expression of unkindness. In his religious views ho was conservative; yet his con.servatism did not prevent him from feeling the necessity for introducing, to a moderate extent, some reform in the liturgy of his congregation and in the ceremonial life of his peo])le. In IsOl) Adler iiublished three volumes of ser" IJelrachtunmons

Adler, Isaac Adier, Nathan

was graduated from the London University with the Adler was appointed minister of the Hammersmith and West Kensington Synagogue, London. in is'io. He became honorary chaplain at Wormwood Scrubs Prison, and senior master of Hebrew at degree B.A.

Jews' Free School, in isn3. He is the author of " Elements of Hebrew (Jranuuar " (1st ed. 1H!)7. 2d ed. 18'J9). and "Students' Hebrew Grammar "(IH99). He has contributed various articlesto the ".lewish Quarterly Review" and the "Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society." UlBLi(i<:R.eiiv



.Iiircilw.

J, Irish

Year Book,

1900.

S.

ADLER, NATHAN



German

cabalisi



born at

Frankfort nnthcMain. Dec. n;, 1741; died there Sept. 17, ixm). Asa precocious child he won the admiration of Hayyim Joseph David A/.ulai, who. in 1752, came to Frankfort to solicit contributions for the poor of Palestine. Adler attended the rabbinical schoolof Jacob Joshua, authorof " Pene 'i'ehoshua"," who was at that time rabbi at Frankfort; but his

"57 Vortrilge Hber Texte aus di'ii Xach-

lirincipal teacher was David Tebele SchifT, afterward rabbi in London. In 1701 heestalilished ni/ci/n'/xifi himself, in which several prominent rabbis received their early teachings, notable among whom were Abraham Auerbach. Abraham Ring, rabbi in Wi'irzburg. and especially Moses Sofer(.Sclireiber). rabbi in Presburg. Nathan Adler was mystically inclined. He had devoted himself to the siudy of the Cabala, and adopted the liturgical system of I.s:iacLuria, assembling about liimself a select conununity of cabalistic adepts. He prayed according to the Sephardic ritual, pronounced the priestly blessing every day, and in other ways approached the school of the H.sidim, who had at that lime jirovoked the strongest censures on the part of the Talmudistsof the old school. His followers claimed that he had performed mira-

mosaischen

liililisclien

cles

15lchern."

A

197),



gen den

Texte aus BUchern 2 vols., and

liber

Fnnf

Mosis, "

selection

from Adler's sermons. an English tnmslation,was put)lishe(l by Uebmann Adler. the Jewish Publication Society of America (Philadelphia, 1893), under the title of "Sabbath Hours." in

nini.KifiRAPHV; Felscnlhnl, Llflinmnii Aillcr. n./..

hkuB", IHIC:

Fi-i.«mUIiu1

Oe<lctiklliftory nf

eliic

Elloasof, Iy,hill,llll AllHhr M<lir(ll,h, CtlllllK", ISU;. (

luiil

15.

ADLEK, MARCUS NATHAN over, .luric 17. is:!7:

the eldest



F.

Born at Han

son of Chief IJabbi

Nathan .Marcus Adler; conspicuous for his labors in connection with e<lncaIion; communal worker. lie entered University College, London, whence he was graduated as master of arts. He was a memlier of the council of Jews' College and of the Jewish High School for girls; also president of the Stepney Jewish .schools. Adler became a fellow of I'niversily College, London, and a fellow of the Hoyal Statistical Society, and ho was also one of the founders of the London Mathematical Socii'ly. He is a vice president of the Institute of AcHniril's and the a<luary of the Alliance Assurance Company. He was at one time confldenlial .secretary of Sir Moses Montefiore. lie has fxiblislied numerous papers on life a.ssuranec, polit cal economy, archeology, and Jewish Idslory, Buu.iodinpiiv: Jucotw, Ji'ieWi IViir /»(«*.

!««».

F. S.

ADLER, MICHAEL

W.

English rabbi born July 27, isc.s II,. ^vii-, iducated at Jews' Frii' School, Jews' College, anil Lnivcrsily College. Lonilon. and



(Moses Sofer, " Halain Sofer, Orali Hayyim," and turned visionaries themselves, frightening many persons with preilictionsof misfortunes which would befall them. Finally, the rabbis and congregational leaders intervened in 1779 and ])ri>hibited, under penalty of excommunication, the assem-

Nathan Adler's house. R. Nathan, however, jiaid no attention to these

blies in

orders, but continued in his ecstatic piety. He even excomnuinieated a man who had disregariled his orders, although this was contrary to the laws of

the congregation. His doors remained open day and night, and he diclared all his pos.se.ssions to be connnon property, that thus he might prevent the punishment of those who might carry away by mistake anything with tluMii. jloreover, he comJloses Sofer, who had (pnirreled with his never to spiak to his parent again. When the .same disciple re]iorted to him that he had gone through the wholi' Talmud, he advised him to celebrate that event by a fast of three days. In spite of the ontiiMied conlliet with the congngalional

manded father,

the fame of R. Natiian's piety and scholarship grew, and in 1782 he was elected rabbi of Boskowil/. ill Moravia. But hisi'xce.ssiveand mystical jiiety having made enenues for him, he wasforcinl to leave his congregation, and in 17S,') returned to Frankfort. As he still persisted in his former ways, the threat of excoininunication was renewed in 17S9, which act was not repealed until slmrllv bi'fori' his death. His wife. Kachel. daughtir of i'eist Cohen of (!ies,sen, survived him. He left no children, though Nathan .iller. ihief mbbi of London, was named after him. Hismystiiisin seems to have In-en the cause of his repugnance to literary publications. authorities,

The

cabalists claimed

that

real

esoteric

theology