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154 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Accents in Hebrew

is long. 1 is admissible in the second word, but isnol necessary. When. becomes ~ takes its place. Z is coniimpossible or uudcsiniblc. paralively rare in llic third word; this is its utin<«t The shnrtist measure of is seclimit III the right.

word or the one adjoining

The verso fiom Ecdcsiasticus cjuotcd above would be accented as follows: It

IS

16

1

I

,

".''

-

(great

"!.'?).

-

-.

P'?"?



"drawing

'^}'^).—Kon-paximl:

(^=7-^'!'— that is ^^?.^^

-

"double

(=;^::^.

".

(great xs^'S?



-,

left is

("??*?•

]iostj)osilice,

"resting"), jtrepoditire,

(double;), t

r. :

out"),

"stretching

When the interval is shorter the one to the transformed into 1; the change does not affect the. ne.xt to the left, wJiich always maintains its position, there being a sulliciently long intiTval Between 1 and 7 betweiii it and the. preceding it. or r there must be at least two words; otherwise 1 But 1 may precede anis tnuisfornied into Z or ;. other 1 this is the only case in which two I's may words.

little IP.!,

(Np03 "Imiulbreadth," or "CIS),

(Xi'^'ii;.

(^'P]

"broken"),

and

come

together.

or two servi. both ; 's. cesura in :'s section is marked by .', which is repeated for every following cesura until a point is reached when I is inadmissible or undesirable (see below); then it gives way to !; the nixt cesura is marked by. then comes '7 which may be repeated. Between 1 and j there must be at least four words. It is rarely found in the fourth word. It necessarily replaces there f when the next cesura is due immediately before. '7 then becomes unavailable (see below"), and takes its place (that is, '7's section is obliti-rated); the interval between 1 and ! must never

may have one

6.

ExPLANATonv Notes. The verse may be of varj'ing length. In a long verse - marks the main cesura. Tlie two sections are designated in tlu' diagram by the letters A and B. The shortest In a short veree drop A and retain B. measure of a verse is two words. The cesura never 1.

fails.

i

7.

7.

"trill "). 1, t (little «i:''%?), -.

(«J,?7,

OIK'

5.

of grapes "). ;»*/• ••upright").

•'cliistpr

(great

-'

is

only

poHtire,

154

The main





.'

proper place

-'s

is

word from

in the fifth

7

and

A

B 11-''

'•i'^

in-' I

T r r It

^tt-t^(-t^ farther; left, it

when due

may

I

I7

tits.

U bffOTt

in the fourth

be replaced by



or

4 «- - "'•- 1~ ll-^ ''

5- 1? ;;

^

II

t

and farther

7 (in

to the

accordance with



•

A

grammarians incorrectly 4.

it

a servus

(''i'>'*S

").

The main cesura

which

call

in i

's

section

is

marked by _

,

repeated for every following cesura until the last is reached, which is marked by T. Between 7 and ; there must be at least one word. When i 's is

-"=

+ rr

1

-^

17

r i'"" "'<"

~l -"- '" B -'"

7-

II- .cmbii'^-

H

9-

t

exceed one word: otherwise t and "(the servus due in the second word before _ see note 13) would come together, and. on nnisical grounds, the two accents can not come together without a pausal accent between them. In a few instances 1 takes the place of f in the fourth or third word for no apparent reason. Between ! and j there must be at least two words; it is found in the second only when the two next following words are both long: its utmost limit appears to be thefifth orsixth word (where it replaces



"inclined

'" 1


 * ii-%i^-

the rules laid down for the position of those accents in note 2); the substitution is common in short verses; it necessarily takes place in verses of three or two words; in the tirst word before 7 (even in a long verse), 7 is rarely used (except in cases of a marked logical pause). •2. The main cesura in A Is marked by i the second by : for evcrv following cesura 1 is repeated imtil Between the last is rcac"lied, which is marked l)y7 i and 7 at least three words must intervene: but the proper place is at a considerable distance from :. Between 1 and 7 there nmst be at least one word. When r's word and the one adjoining it are both short the distance between 1 and r must amount to two words. When 1 becomes imjxwsible 7 takes its In a few instances where the two words implace. mediately preceding 7 are very short, that is. monosyllables, and properly subject to hyphenation. 7 is found in the third word; this is its utmost limit to the right. The shortest measure of is one word. Sections of two words always have a cesura. 3. 7's servus is 7 (which is repeated in the few instances which call for a second servus; see note 2). In a few instances 7 is found in the same word with 7:

^

16.

main cesura). Whin ! becomes unavailable gives way to 1. Between the latter and 1 there need be no interval; its utmost limit is the fourth word. Between '7 and there must be at least one word: it is found in the first only in the place of (that is. P?,-) when the latter sigii is due before i (strangely enough, the notation remains the same); its utmost limit api)ears to be the third word. In a section consisting of only three words '; may take The shortest the place of 1 in the second word. measure of .'s section is one word. Sections of two words may or may not have a cesura: the cesura is likely to occur when the last word is long, but it is not uecessjirv even then. The cesira may be left out also in sections of three words provided it is due immediately before _. In the t wenty one books P?? is especially employed to mark a stop in long sections limited by 1, t, or 1. for the sulxlivision of which by means of pausal accents there exists no provision in the accentual system or to mark a stop immediately before 7, 1, or ~, neither '; nor _' being available (see note 15). i

for the

it



1