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153 I

j

^

I

I

I

I

I





.

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

153

word is sufficient). Sections of two words niav not have a cesiira. Itj. servus. In all cases where two or more servi are found the servus itnmedialcly preceding- is a substitute for -, (see note lo). Three servi: |. . ~ (hut wlien one
 * should properly never have more than one

the secondary cesura

may and

'-

required,

is

employed

- is

by

note

tion,

When

'-.

only one cesura

should luoperly mark

it. However, two accents are presumably re-

(the

garded as of equal force:

see, for

Between

17).

'-

and



a similar substituthere mu.st be at

one word. When 1- is due in the word immediately preceding it is replaced by a servus, r Another servus, -. may be placed in the next preceding word. This necessitates a further change: 1 (marking the main cesura), which does not permit - immediately after it, and is transformed .; into |J may be found in the word adjoining only when Vs word is long: otherwise gives waj' to a servus. This may neces.sitate a further change

when

i.e., -

least

the lone is on the third syllable: or on the second syllable when the first syllal)le
 * 7,

Accents in Hebrew

,

isoverlong; : when the condition mentioned in note in all other cases). 6 is fulfilled: In three instances L takes the ])laee of the middle servus; it is preceded by : and followed by.' (when the tone is .-

.

,

due on

first

tlic

syllable) or

by

(when the



tisual

.'

condition is fulfilled). -). Two servi: r (but One servus ; after ; (but '-) ; iu all other ca.ses, More than three servi are found iu three instances: in one 1 oecui)ies the second place before -; iu the others the nudtiplication of servi is due to the resoni>N n'ji'i<--ij.; 'J."?',, n'"'j';>^ D^T lution of hyi)hcnatcd words. Theoretic17. 90 ally, 1 marks the -



'-

when



word

the

udjoiniiig

7 is

itself short (that is,

with only one syllabic, which is not the bearer of a secondary accent, before the accented syllable): when due on ,

"i^**)^

^j;

'^^' onj

-I'cit

ij

i

^;^^ x

I

II

IS

I

18

i&

pects '-. to be the accent where only one cesura is re

^g

nj!??''^

1«

IS

6

5.

.

n

qcr

3

19

'r"'3?~'"s

The foregoing verses as emended by Duhm

In his Psalm.s

(the rest of the verse as above:)

t

I is

riV

I

r'.??,-'?^?

Such is req uen ly the But

4

I. I.

^^'

I

?uired. case.

IS I

•

19

em-

21

91

nin< on; ^ictp IS

1

I

I

1

lii''

II

I

section in front of the cesura must itself be bisected, or

when

the

1.

I

B"3

njij

3

J npy.

last

word

is

of

-

should

properly

have more

never than

one servus.

pausjil

requires

IS

servi l)efore either ca.'^e out of (he question see note 12); some-
 * 2 is



'P'j3n-''y

oSy^ t^b'-inN

onj?

»*;?

18

In all cases where two or more servi are 4 found, the servus immediately preceding 7 is a substitute for J (see note 19). Three upon the same condi

18

T^I'^n 'V^" ya-Lri

(in

^^^^""""^^

^^"^



First

Four V

Between

'-

and


 * there

must

be at least one word. Otherwise '- gives way to a servus. The shortest mea.sure of -'s section is one word. Sections of two words, of course, have no cesura. The cesura fiiils likewise in the ease of small words standing at the beginning of the section and accented on the lirsl syllable, uidess emphasis is desired. The foregoing rules remain in force, even wlien - gives way to a servus (see note l.">). 18. ; should prop<'rly never have more than one servus: .-(il may be found, instead of light Jr", in the siune word with ; only when the .syllable precetling the tone syllabic d for its vowel). When

overlong and has a or two servi appear, the one

is

adjoining ; is a substitute for while the one farther to the left is

';

(see note 17). servus (see

il's

note l'.J): ; r. Once three servi are found: : : 19. The main cesuni in section C is marked bv
 * takes the place of a hyphen.



-

Psalm ex.

of

times (in three, instances) for no apparent rca.son (1 and ': arc so nearly alike in pausjd force that occasionally one is

placed for the other).

the

20.

4

5.

r^;n

two it

i«

I

per-

mit T immediately before it; the latter accent will then be replaced by ., the other accents remaining the same as before Sections of r. two words have a cesura, provided sulficient length to permit .' before it (see above).

t

IS

18

ployed when the

accent

is

But 7 does not

i«

1

section section is usually too .short two require to cesuras. One ex;'s


 * '8

C

of

<

II

I

'-.

but

.

measure one word.

shortest

main, and the secondary cesura in

next preceding word, is replaced by 1' The the



servi: 7 i ~, that is, 7 and 7 tions as before 7 (see note l(i) where 1 is u.scd before 7- will be employed here. servi: 77: but 1; 7: 7 may take the place of lights.?? in the Sfime word with : (provided that. docs not precede: see note 19): in a few places the servi are altogether irregular. One servus: 7 (when the tone is on the first syllable; but ';) ; (when on any other

Two

,

syllable), or _ (after '7).

In a

few instances four

servi are found. Its shortest 21. There is nocesura in -."s section. measure is one wonl. Except in a few instano's, Three s«'rvi: has never more than two servi. .'

or: according to the usual rule); in three 7-7 and r " r. Two servi: 7-. One servus: 7. The servi of |1 are the same as those

,

7.

-.

(.

pa.s,sages:

of



As an

illustration of the application of the above to concrete ca.ses. the lirsl four verses of I'.milm ex. are given above. The cesunis are indicated as in the diagnim: the figures refer to the notes.

diagnim and rules