Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 1.pdf/198

152 ,

TIIK .ir.WISII

Accents in Hebrew

ENCYCLOPEDIA

EXPLANATOHY N0TE8.

Great 1 never has more

6. -.

152

(exceptionally

7



tlian

particularly

one servus, which ja when another :.]ire-

of a poetical verse is two Sueli is the form of an ordinary vcrsr in I'roverbs. The main ccsura liut frciiiicntly. as in I'salms, is then mark("(l hv a verse will conlain three short lines (a tristieh or triplet; that is. rliytlini is saciilieed to sense); or a verse may contain four short lines (a tetrastich or quatniiu;" that is, two rhythmical verses making one sense-verse); or a verse, not necessjirily long, may be trisected purely for reasons of sense or for the sake of oratorical emphasis. The main ccsura will

but 7 when an open syllable directly (that is, no 'l'?r' intervening) precedes the tone-syllable; tlicse accents may appear in the sjime word with great J (: taking "the place of light •'"'?). 7. Sections of two words will occasionally have a ccsura; it is omitted in the case of small words standing at the beginning of the section and accented on the first syllable, iniless emijhasis is desired. The cesura in little's section is marked by

will be then be marke<l by 7 (a stronger -). while reserved for the secondary ccsura (that is, the one

word.

The proper measure

1.

or

sliort lines (a (lislicli ".

ciuiiilct).

.

-.

In the diagram the three by between ; and - ). no means coordinate sections of the verse are desIn a .short ignated by the letters A, 15. and C. In a verse, therefore, drop A, and retain B and C. still shorter verse (one consisting of but one short Thin principle line), drop A and 15, and retain C. applii'K I't/iKiUi/ to the xnmller nertioita on the diagram {that in. thoM Uiniteil lii/ 11 paiisal accent), the beginning of which may be lopped offtosiiit ruri/inghngthn. There will be found ; in the .si.th word from and farther; it will be replaced by 7 occasionally in the liflh, and almost always in the fourth word; 7 .'

is

left: 7 is replaced by in the first, occasionally also in the second,

never used farther to the

always

word 2.

(see note 19), 2'>;y?

NS"?,

''Sfn_

,

^N (for

(""i

pn-'^N)^

D'C

i:ni'_^

When

cedes). is

a pausal accent

or

(1

'-.

)

precedes,

it

'.,

The

':.

8.

shortest

Little

one servus,

measure of

may have two

1

little .'s

ally in the ately preceding the tone is

is

one

servi, - r (or 7

17); or apiiear occasionthe syllal>le inuncdiopen) but this rule is

The two servi same word (when 7.

section

(7 7)



not always obeyed. 9. The ccsura in I's section

is marked by the same accent, and is dependent upon the same conditions as the cesura in little I's section (see note 7). secondary cesura is seldom rciiuired; the accent marking the main ccsura will then be repealed. The shortest measure of I's section is one word.

A

10. may have two servi, 7 : {i.e., - when the tone falls on the second letter and farther; 7 when on the first) or one servus, 7 (it may api)ear instead of light 'v't- in the same word with 1) (or '7). '



In a few instances three servi are foimd ; ' when a servus precedes; or when the tone 11. falls on the third syllable or farther; in all other

,

3. The main ccsura in section A is marked by 1; when a second cesura becomes necessary, 1 is re-

Obncrce, in general, that wlif never an accent one farther to the left is the weaker.

peated.

is repeated, the

must be no word (in which or at least two words (then we have great _). Two . s must equally be separated by at least two words. When - becomes impossible. 1 takes its place. The shortest measure of section A is two words; a cesura is always Between case

1 is

.

and

7

there

called little

.)

required.

The servus of 7 is- (or 7, when properly the hyphen should be employed; or ';, that with a 4.

i.s,

may

occur in the same word with ; (in place of the light KT). Here fP? "cutting off," "separating," is a line

This

n??).



,

similar to the one used with "^V.,"! and "^-;-!.. It occurs (a) before or after the divine name "to prevent its being joined, in the reading, to a word which in the opinion of the accentuators^t was not seemly to bring into contact with it " (b) between two words of which the first ends in the same letter with which the second begins; (c) el.sewhere. to mark an emphatic intonation. In all these eases, r?? introduces a slight pause after a nonpausal accent. 5. In the section limited by great . (great .'s sec-

—



always between 1' and 7), There is nocesura in i^'s section. Its shortest measure is one word. E.xccpt in two instances, ,1 has never more than one .servus, 7, when the tone is on the first syllable (but in two instances in the ca.ses, '7 (the latter

12.

when

place of the hy])hcn); or on the second

simple and the

first

without heavy •"; in note

it is

syllabic is a simple clo.sed one 7

is fulfilled;

when .'

the condition mentioned

in all other cases (but 7 in a

1?'7 or "?? preceding the tone-syllable is abnonnal). servi 7 7 7 in the place of a hyphen. 13. The rules for the division of ~'s .section are the same as those laid down for great j (see note 5). 14. r has pro]ierly only one servus, when the tone is on tlic first syllable; 7 when on any other syllable (but '7; also 7 exceptionally in tw-o places; in one of them two consecutive T's are found); al-

few instances where the

Two





,

ways

7

when imdcr a dagcshcd where

letter. exc('])t

in

found again. Excejilionally two servi are found; 7 7 the first is properly in the |)lace of a hyjihen; once we find 7 7, where again the first is in the place of a hyphen. three places,

7 is



The main cesura

in section 15 is marked by j; will be repeated; and so on. The 1 s may follow each other closely. Properly, between j and 7 at least two words should inter15.

for a seeon<l cestira.

j

vene. This must alw"ays l)e the ease when 1 marks otherwise an interval of one a subordinate ccsura

tion),

the main ccsura

marked by

is

and the secondary cesura by '7. cesura is required, it is marked by section cases,

is

and

cut

off);

but

1

is

when

neces.sarily,

1

(rarely

When

by

':)

only one

(that is, the 1 found in exceptional two servi are intro':

duced (see note 12). Sections of two words may and may not have a cesura. If required, it will, of course, be

one word.

marked by

';

.

The

shortest

measure

is

frequently .sufiicient. When 1 becomes impossible or undesirable, 7 takes its place. The interval between 7 and 7 must never exceed one word. 7 is freqvicntly found in the second word from 7 It is found in the first only when 7's word is long; that is. when the tone-syllable therein is preceded by at least two syllables, or by one .syllable, provided it is the bearer of a .secondary accent The (see ^ 3); otherwise 7 gives way to a servus.

word

is

.

shortest measure of

B

is

two words (except

after 7