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121.

Abraham ibn Shoshan Abraham ba-Takiui

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

121

of the arrogance of their great men, who neglected the Liiv.' and left it to be observed only by the poor

and lowly.

ABRAHAM TROKI BEN n .Jomau iia Kdkk. ABRAHAM OF TROYES

Abhaiiam



BiBi.iiKiRAPIiy: The manusrrirt of the SV/cr lia-Ifrililtalah with the iip|H'iii.<'[ Ahniliaiu tien Sotoinoli wa^bniil^ht from thf FiJLst by Ahruhuiii Harkavy. and is now in tl.^' BiKlk'iau. 11 wiL"* piiiittii Ity Neui>aucr in his MidUrol Jt whh (Viro/iic/c^, 1W7, 1. liil-lli ((onii)aii' |i. .viv.(. anil ":ls ajraln fdltiMl vviih critical wilra by A. Harkavy in llalibin.jwitz's Hebrew Ininslalion of Griilz's liij*t<»rv, IHliS, vol. iv. Hinl.,• 'I'liiiN

]>.

i:i.n


 * 1.N

(Spain): Kschutoloirical writer of the Ibirteeiith century. His work exists iu the library of .Miiiiieh tColl hii.s de.x 4*. 7(/). bill liii.s not yet been imblished. been conjeetiiieil by Ziiiiz that one of Abialiam ibn In the bibIjiyyah's worlds was dedicated to him. liographiciil sources, however, some confusion seems t<) e.ist between him and Solomon hex Akuaha.m. There is a scribe of the same name who wrote in the year 1299acode. found in the Sara val collection.

munity of

Uwlcn J

ABRAHAM SULMAR. See Sulmar, AbraIIAM ABRAHAM TALMID. Sec Talmid, Abraham ABRAHAM IBN TAW AH. See Tu^TTAn, AllltAliAM ABRAHAM TAWXL BEN ISAAC. See TaMl M N Ai wii., ABRAHAM OF TOLEDO (called also Don ll'.N

.iii

i;i

Abraham Alfaquin =

.Viable hnkiiu. "physician

"

or "wise mall"): I'hysiciau of King Alfonso the flourAVise of Castile, who esteemed him liiglily ished in thi' st'cond half of the thirteenth century. At the king's reipiest he translated several books from And)i<' into Spanisli. One of these was AlHeithum's treatise on the construction fif the universe, the Latin translation of which ("De .Mundo ot Cu'lo") is based on Abraham's Spanish version. It is not strictly a translation, but rather a paraphrasi- of the .iidiic oiiginal. as oliserved by the anonymous Latin translator, wlio reniiirks in lils prt'faee that the king had ref|iiested Abraham "to iirninge llie work in better ordiT than it was, and More widely known is to divide it into chapters." -Miraliam's Spanish translation (liTT) of Zarkali's ".strolabe." which furnished the foundation for the

The Fniich translaIjilin iuid Italian tianslations. tion of the si'vcniiclli sura of the Koinii. by BonaVentura de Sine, is also based on the .S|iiiiiisli translation made by .braliam in l-IU. Some wrilers have tried to identify this .braham with .bralmin .luda'us Tortuoseiisis. who. toward the tiiil of the thirteenth century, translated several works from the for inArabic and perhaps also from the Latin stance: "'IJe Simplicibus opus e.x Dioscoride et ) ; idfin, Hflir. Ullil. vl. 75; Urltz, G'fwh. <l. Jti• li II, vll. 447.

L. G.

See

Head

of the com-

Knaice; lived about the middle of the twelfth century. He was a contenipfirary of Rililienu Tam. The influence that he exercised at Troyes gave rise to a somewhat curious legal incident, Eleazar ha-Xadib (the word luidi/j (leiiotes a .Jewish JLecenas) against whom he had brought an action, demurred to appearing before the rabbinical court at Troyes; and, being supported by Isaac ben Siiinuel of Dampierre. had his case refeiTcd toanother trilninal (Gloss." Gallia Judaica," pp.lGJ, 2:i!)). YomTob ha-Nadib, the son of Eleazar, being placed in a similar position, also refused to be judged at Troyes, and was sustained in his contention by Judah Sire Leon of Paris ("Rev. fet. Juives," vii."42). At the same time Simson ben Abraham of Sens took the liart of the .son-in-law of Simson of Troyes. who, being afr.iid of the influence of the opposite party, also objected to being tried before the rabbinical court of tliut town (Gi'oss, /.'). S. K. 'I'loyis.

,

ABRAHAM OF VALLADOLID. SeeABSEu ABRAHAM DEL VECCHIO OF FERRARA. mo. Ai;i;aiiam. ok Fki!Kaua. See i ABRAHAM HA-YAKINI (this name seems OF BlKi.o1)1.1.

Bini.IO(iR.iPHV: Slcinschneider. Cat. Bo'/!, cols. 227(1. 2:s,>|; Idem, Jll.f. Lit. (sec index;; idem, }[iljr. Bilil. iv. 1U(I ; idem. Ottalinnic. US; ideui, Muitich Cafaiotfiit, S.', 4ti, 5; Zunz, addition to Leiptiic Catalogue., 333.

JOSIAH.

r.i

I

1

to be of Turkisli origin, and is pronounced somewhat like llaikiui): One of the chief agitators in the Shabbethaiau movement, the son of Pethahiah of born according to a not entirely Constantinople reliable source. '3V DiyilKD (Lemberg, 1M71, p. 3)— on Sejit. H, liill. He studied under .Joseph di Trani of ('onstuntiniiiile (died 1044). and under Jlonlecai, a German cabalist. From the latter he probably de-

—



rived the touch of mysticism which, combined with intelligence, made him the most suitable representative of Shabbetliai Zebi. HaYakini persuaded Shabbethai. who at that time was convinced that he was the Messiah but was timid and fearful of proclaiming himself, lioldly to declare his claims. It was iu Constantinople, about ll!.");!. that Shiilibetbai Zebi became acquainted with Ha-Yakini, who. on account of his learning and oiatorical powers, enjoyed a great reputation in his native town. He is described by contemporaries as the best preacher of his day. Ha- ViiUini put into the bands of Shabbethai Zebi a spurious book in archaic characters, which, he assured liini, contained the Scriiilural proof of bis Messianic origin. This fabrication, entitled "The Great Wisdom of Solomon," began as follows:

cunning and great

"1. Abraham, was conllned in a cave for forty years, and I wonikTfd (fniitlv that llie time of miracles did not arrive. Then was lieanl a voice, |>nH'laimintr. . sim will lie iKirn In the year .tWi IliLli) to Monliiai Zcbl and he will be called He will Immble the tTi^ai dnitton ... lie, the tnie siialilH'ilmi. " '

Mcrsslah, will

.sit

uiHjn

My

[tiod'sj thiMne.'

In this milliner, and in a style imitating the ancient apocalypses, this fabrication, attributed to Ila-Yakiiii. who was a m;ister of Hebrew diction, conlinues to describe the vision which had apjieared to the lictitious Abrahiim. Sbabbetlmi Zebiaccejited this work actuiil revelation and determined to go to Salonica— the panulise of cabalists— and there begin Zebi was not ungrateful, and bis public activity. later appointed liaYakini among the kings whom be purposed to enthrone over his prospective worldwide empire, lla Yakini on his side proveil himself not unworthy of the confidence shown by his masHe pive proof of his devotion at the lime when ter. Shabbethai Zebi was in prison in Constantinople, and when even the grealest enthusiast could no longer He be in doubi miiieruiug his true characler.

as an