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Rh. Many states According to Bowers v. Hardwick, all fifty states outlawed sodomy prior to 1961. 478 U.S. 186. At the time of Bowers, twenty-five states arid the District of Columbia criminalized private, consensual sodomy by adults. Id. Today, twenty-six states and the District of Columbia have legislatively repealed their sodomy laws: Alaska - 1978 Alaska Sess. Laws 219; Act of May 12, 1975, ch. 71, §§ 4-12; Arizona - 2001 Ariz. Sess. Laws, House Bill 2016, effective May 9, 2001; California - 1975 Cal. Stat. 131, 133-136; Colorado - Colorado Criminal Code, chs. 40-3-403, 40-3-404, 1971 Colo. Sess. Laws 388, 423; Connecticut - Conn. Penal Code, Pub. Act No. 828, §§ 66-91, 1969 Conn. Pub. Acts 1554, 1579-85; Delaware - Delaware Criminal Code, ch. 497 §§ 766, 767, 58 Del. Laws 1611, 1665-66 (1972); District of Columbia - 1993 D.C. Crim. Code, see Right to Privacy Amendment Act, Bill 10-30; Hawaii - Hawaii Penal Code, Act 9, §§ 733-735, 1972 Hawaii Sess. Laws 32, 90-01; Act of Feb. 25, 1976, Pub. Law No. 148, ch. 4 §§ 2; Illinois - 1961 III. Laws 1983, Act of July 28, 1971; Indiana - 1976 Ind. Acts 718, 733-734; Iowa - Iowa Criminal Code, ch. 1245, §§ 901-906, 1976 Iowa Acts 549, 558-559; Maine Maine Criminal Code, ch. 499, §§ 251-255, 1975 Me. Laws 1273, 1297-1300; Nebraska Nebraska Criminal Code, L.B. 38 §§ 32-38, 1977 Neb. Laws 88, 100-102; Act of July 2, 1973, ch. 532:26; Nevada - 1993 Laws of Nev. chapter 236, Act of June 16, 1993; New Hampshire - 1973 N.H. Laws 999, 1011; New Jersey - 1978, N.J. Laws 482, 547-550, ch 95; New Mexico - 1975 N.M. Laws chapter 109, Act of April 3, 1975; North Dakota 1973 N.D. Laws ch. 117, Act of March 28, 1973; Ohio - 1972 Ohio Laws 1966, 1906-1911; Oregon - Oregon Criminal Code of 1971, §§ 104-120, 1971 Or. Laws 1873, 1907-1910; Crimes Code, No. 334, ch. 31; Rhode Island - 1998 R.I. Pub. Laws ch 24, Act of June 5, 1998; South Dakota - S.D. Sess. Laws 227, 260-261; Vermont - 1977 51, Act of April 23, 1977; Washington - Washington Criminal Code, ch. 260, §§ 9A.88.100, 1975 Wash. Laws 817, 858; West Virginia - 1976 W.Va. Acts 241; Act of Feb. 24, 1977, ch. 70; Wyoming - 1977 Wyo. Sess. Laws 228, 228-310.

Nine states have invalidated sodomy laws by judicial decision: Georgia in Powell v. State, 510 S.E.2d 18 (1998); Kentucky in Commonwealth v. Wasson, 842 S.W.2d 487 (Ky. 1992); Maryland in Williams v. State, 1998 Extra LEXIS 260, Baltimore City Circuit Court, (January 14, 1999) (trial court holding that sodomy statute did not apply to consensual, noncommercial, private sexual behavior. The decision was not appealed by the State); Massachusetts in Gay and Lesbian Advocates & Defenders v. Attorney General, 436 Mass. 132, 763 N.E.2d 38 (2002); Minnesota in Doe, et al. v. Ventura, et al., 2001 WL 543734, No. 01-489 (Dist. Ct. Hennepin County May 15, 2001) (neither the State of Minnesota nor Attorney General Mike Hatch appealed the lower court decision); Montana in Gryczan v. Montana, 942 P.2d 112 (1997); New York in People v. Onqfre, 415 N.E.2d 936 (N.Y, 1980), ''cert. denied, 451 U.S. 987 (1981); Pennsylvania in Commonwealth v. Bonadio, 415 A.2d 47 (Pa. 1980) (the state legislature later repealed the law in 1995); Tennessee in Campbell v. Sundquist'', 926 S.W.2d 250 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

Six states, including Arkansas, maintain "same-sex" sodomy statutes: Arkansas, Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-122 (Repl. 1997); Kansas, Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-3505 (1995); Michigan, Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. 750.158, .338(a)-(b) (1991); Missouri, Mo Rev. Stat. § 566.090 (1999); Oklahoma, Okla. Stat tit. 21 § 886 (1983); Texas, Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 21.06 (1989).

Nine states and Puerto Rico maintain statutes prohibiting same-sex and opposite-sex sodomy: Alabama - Ala. Code 1975, §§ 13A-6-63 — 65); Florida - Fla. Code. § 800.02 (1993); Idaho - Idaho Code § 18-6605 (Supp. 201); Louisiana - La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14:89 (1986); Mississippi - Miss. Code Ann. § 97-29-59 (1972); North Carolina - N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-177 (1994); Puerto Rico - Penal Code sections 99 and 103 (33 L.P.R.A. §§ 4061 and 4065); South Carolina - S.C. Code Ann. § 16-15-120 (1985); Utah - Utah Code Ann. 5 76-5-403 (1995); Virginia - Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-361 (1994).

have identified a right to privacy implicit in