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 in number. When the development of the rubber forests began there was a sudden demand for labor which could not be sup- plied from the Indian population of the rubber forests. The whole vast rim of the Amazon basin felt the effects of this call, and the call was one of increasing urgency. The natives of Ceara in easternmost Brazil, many of those in southern Brazil, as well as all the settlements of the Chaco, or grass country, in southeastern Bolivia and northeastern Argentina and the eastern half of the Andean plateau region were affected by it. These are examples of withdrawal of population from farms. Formerly attached to a piece of grazing or farm land, hundreds of thousands now live on work provided by foreign capital and produce or deal in things that are shipped abroad as well as articles or foodstuffs of local consumption. To a notable de- gree long-established Indian communities became disrupted, and the population was made dependent upon a commercial structure that had its origin in the industrial needs of far- distant peoples in the north temperate zone.

All this meant that there was increasing opportunity for the whites to buy large tracts of land at moderate prices. Estates in southern Peru and in the Bolivian basins and valleys bought for 30,000 soles in a given year increased in value by 30 to 40 per cent by the following year. One proprietor in southern Peru has bought up little by little from the Indians in two adjacent valleys an enormous estate and now owns from 10,000 to 15,000 sheep, 40 horses, and 600 cows. He pastures no alpacas or llamas except by Indians who own them and who work upon his land. To the Indians of the country and of the towns he sells wool and dried mutton. He has engaged as shepherds Indian families who live in isolated huts here and there, each hut surrounded by great corrals in which are herd- ed at night the flocks that in the daytime range far and wide over the adjacent valley lands and mountains and over the ter- races all up and down the valley, now entirely uncultivated except for little spots here and there. The extent of the culti-