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 about three meters and are provided with portholes for a lower line of defenders and a bench half a meter broad for anupper line of defenders.

Although there is no available water at the summit of the hill at the present time, there is a small water supply just below the summit on the western side of the Aguada de Chilcas; and Lange supposes that this source of water supply, now 140 meters outside the wall of defense crossing the ravine in which the water occurs, was within the wall at the time the fort was in active use; that is to say that the rainfall was greater and that the stream issued at a higher point in the ravine. He tentatively concludes that the fort has an extension so great that it could not be manned effectively by iess than 7500 warriors. Assuming one warrior to each four persons, he further supposes that there must have been 30,000 souls, all told, living within the fort or closely associated with it in time of extreme danger or warfare. He does not believe that the fort was built by ancestors of the present Indian inhabitants whom the Spanish conquered but by people more civilized who lived in earlier times, and he assumes that period to have been more than four hundred years ago. ‘The present inhabi- tants are pastoral people, herding flocks of sheep and hunting the guanaco and vicuna. They occupy the northwestern part of the Province of Catamarca, use an original idiom, live in the most primitive condition in round stone huts, often without a roof, and employ utensils that appear to be completely de- void of all ornamental work. Even allowing for the effects of the Spanish Conquest he can hardly see how so primitive a people could be the descendants of the illustrious folk that constructed the great fortress of Pucaré. The case of the Aguada de Chilcas at Pucaré is a matter of great importance in the history of past settlements and in the development of settlements in the future. These examples show how small a change in water supply or climate may produce a recognizable and even important change in the economic relations of a people. Lange wrote in 1892, before the climatic studies of the present period had been inaugurated, and he puts forward his explanation modestly, leaving the final solution to others.