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 dismantled the old fortifications and all but obliterated the old defenses. A few pieces of steel rails, bent and twisted; scraps of cannon and an occasional cartridge; the spokes of gun carriages, still driven into the solid rock; a few rifle pits; these are all that remain to tell of an heroic defense and a fierce irresistible attack that drove the Peruvian forces from what had been considered an impregnable position. Steep slopes, in some places sheer, defend the hill on all but one side, and it is littke wonder that Peru trusted it greatly. Its loss ended the most serious opposition that Peruvian forces offered the Chilean invaders.

With the fall of Arica, Chile controlled the coast line from the Strait of Magellan to Mollendo in southern Peru. The navy moved north and occupied the San Lorenzo Islands op- posite Callao, the chief port of Peru. The islands had not been fortified by Peru, although they control the entrance to the harbor; and, using them as a base, it was not long before the Chilean fleet had bombarded the town and put the Peruvians on the defensive about their capital city. In the effort to deprive Peru of all means for continuing the war, a naval marauding expedition was fitted out; and, certain that each town could derive no assistance from a neighboring valley, it proceeded to lay waste the coast from Callao to Paita.

The tactics of the fight at Lima again illustrate admirably the dependence of success upon control of the sea. Chile, safe at the San Lorenzo Islands, gathered supplies and completed her preparations without interference from the enemy. The Peruvian defense, stretched out for eight miles along a line of hills near Lima, was apparently very strong, and it was sug- gested that the long line be outflanked on the northeast; but the plan would have required breaking communications with the fleet and making a long march of fifteen miles through the desert with the men tired out at the beginning of a hard fight. The advance was therefore made with the left wing on the seashore. After hard fighting and repeated cavalry and bayo-