Page:Introductory Hebrew Grammar- Hebrew Syntax (1902).djvu/187

 thou cheated me thus? Gen. 12:18 למה לא הִגַּדְתָּ לִּי  why didst thou not tell me? 1 S. 26:15, 2 S. 16:17; 19:26. Ex. of מדוע  Gen. 26:27; 40:7, Ex. 2:18, 1 S. 20:2; with neg. 2 S. 18:11, Job 21:4. — Ex. of לָמָֽה  why? Gen. 27:45, Ex. 32:11, Nu. 20:4, Jud. 12:3, 1 K. 2:2. See Rem. 7.

Like the pronouns, לָמָּה  is often strengthened by זֶה   (but not מדוע   ). Gen. 18:13 לָמָּה זֶּה צָֽחֲקָה שׂ׳  wherefore did Sarah laugh? Gen. 25:22, 32, Ex. 5:22, 2 S. 18:22; 19:43, Job 27:12, cf. Jud. 18:24, 1 K. 21:5, 2 K. 1:5. See Rem 8. — The simple מה  or עַל מה   and the like are often used in the same sense, Nu. 22:32, Is. 1:5, Jer. 9:11, Job 13:14, and all these interr. particles are used as words of remonstrance, surprise, &c., and as interjections.

(b)Where? אֵי  (cons. of אַי   ), אַיֵּה  , אֵי זֶה   , אֵיפֹה   , &c.; whither? אָֽנָה   , אֵי זֶה   ; whence? מֵאַיִן   , אֵי מִוֶּה. Gen. 4:9 אֵי הֶבֶל אָחִיךָ  where is Abel? Deu. 32:37, 1 S. 26:16. With suff. Ex. 2:20 אַיּוֹ  where is he? &c. Gen. 3:9, Is. 19:12, Mic. 7:10, Nah. 3:17. — Gen. 19:5 אַיֵּה האנשׁים  where are the men? 18:9; 22:7; 38:21, Jud. 9:38, 2 S. 17:20, 2 K. 2:14. — Ex. of אֵיפֹה  where? Gen. 37:16, 2 S. 9:4, Is. 49:21. — Ex. of מֵאַיִן  whence? Gen. 42:7; 29:4, Nu. 11:13, Jos. 2:4, Jud. 17:9, Is. 39:3, Job 1:7, Ps. 121:1. — Ex. of אֵי מִזֶּה  whence? Gen. 16:8, Jud. 13:6, 1 S. 25:11, 2 S. 1:3, 13. — Ex. of אָֽנָה  whither? Gen. 16:8; 37:30, 2 S. 2:1, Is. 10:3; cf. 1 K. 22:24.

(c) How? אֵיךְ , אֵיכָה   ; בַּמָּה   (by what? Gen. 15:8); how not? אֵיךְ לֹא   , 2 S. 1:5 אֵיךְ יָדַעְתָּ כִּי־מֵת שׁ׳   how dost thou know that Saul is dead? 2 S. 1:14 how not? Deu. 18:21, Jud. 20:3, 1 K. 12:6, 2 K. 17:28, Ru. 3:18. These particles are used in remonstrance, Gen. 26:9, Jer. 2:23; repudiation or refusal, Gen. 39:9; 44:8, 34, Jos. 9:7; the expression of hopelessness, &c., Is. 20:6. The form איכה  how! usually raises the elegy, Is. 1:21, Lam. 2:1; 4:1; but also איך , 2 S. 1:19, 25, 27.

(d) How many? כַּמָּה. 2 S. 19:35 כמה יְמֵי שְׁנֵי חַיַּי. Gen. 47:8, 1 K. 22:16, Zech. 7:3, Job 13:23. Also how much? Zech. 2:6; how long? Job 7:19, Ps. 35:17; how often? Job 21:17, Ps. 78:40, 2 Chr. 18:15.

Rem. 7. The form לָמָֽה  is generally used before words beginning with any of the letters אהע  , in order to avoid the hiatus, see the ex. Rem. 6 a. There are some exceptions, e.g. 1 S. 28:15, 2 S. 2:22; 14:31, Jer. 15:18, Ps. 49:6.

Rem. 8. The particle אֵיפֹא  is likewise used to strengthen the question who? or where? &c. Gen. 27:33, Ex. 33:16, Jud. 9:38, Hos. 13:10, Is. 19:12; 22:1, Job 17:15; 19:23.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE

§ 127. The neg. particles are לֹא , אַל   not, אַיִן   there is, was, not, פֶּן   lest, that not, טֶרֶם   not yet, אֶפֶם   not more, לְבִלְתִּי   not (with infin.), and some others, chiefly poetical.

(a)The neg. לֹא  is used in objective statements and in commands. Gen. 45:1 וְלֹא יָכֹל יוֹסֵף לְהִתְאַפֵּק  and J. was unable to restrain himself. 3:1 לֹא תֽאֹכְלוּ מִכֹּל עֵץ הַגָּן  ye shall eat of no tree of the garden. On neg. interrog. הֲלֹא  cf. § 123. — The particle אַל  is the subjective neg., used sometimes in commands, oftener in dissuasion, deprecation, expression of a wish, &c. (see Juss. § 63). Gen. 19:7 אַ־ָנָא אַחַי תָּרֵֽעוּ  do not my brethren do wrong, cf. v. 8. Gen. 43:23, 1 S. 17:32; 26:20, 2 K. 18:31, Jer. 7:4; 9:22, Ps. 51:13.

The usual place of the neg. is before the verb, but it may be placed before the emphatic word in the neg. clause. Gen. 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי  it was not you that sent me. Gen. 32:29, Ex. 16:8, 1 S. 2:9; 8:7, Nu. 16:29, Neh. 6:12, 1 Chr. 17:4.

Both לא  and אל   are used only with perf. and impf., cf. e.g. Is. 5:27. On imper. with neg. § 60; ptcp. § 100 d; infin. § 95.

On mode of expressing no, none, cf. § 11, R. 1 b.

(b) The particle אַיִן  is a noun which embraces the idea of to be, being, meaning therefore not-being (opposite of יֵשׁ   being), i.e. there is, was, not. Its natural place is before the word (noun or pron.) which it denies, and in cons. state.

Gen. 20:11 אֵין יִרְאַת א׳ בַּמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה  there is not the fear of God, &c. Gen. 37:29; 39:11; 41:8, Nu. 14:42, Jud. 21:25. The word denied may stand for emphasis before אין , in which case the neg. is properly in the abs. in apposition. Gen. 2:5 וְאָדָם אַיִן לַֽעֲבֹד  and man was not to till. 2 K. 19:3 וְכֹחַ אַיִן לְלֵדָה  there is not strength to bring forth, Nu. 20:5. But the cons. form, being now habitual, mostly remains in any place except at the end of a clause. Gen. 40:8 וּפֹמֵר אֵין אֹתוֹ  there is no interpreter of it; 37:24; 47:13, Jer. 30:13, Pr. 30:27. — Mic. 7:2 וְיָשָׁר בָּֽאָדָם אָיִן  one upright among men there is not. Ex. 17:7; 32:32, Lev. 26:37, Jud. 4:20; 9:15, 1 S. 10:14, 1 K. 18:10.

When pers. pron. is subj. it appears as suff. Ex. 5:10 אֵינֶנִּי נֹתֵן לָכֶם תֶּבֶן  I will not give you straw. 2 K. 17:26 אֵינָם יֹֽדְעִים  they do not know. Gen. 20:7; 31:2; 39:9, Jud. 3:25, Jer. 14:12. So when existence is denied absolutely, Gen. 5:24 וְאֵינֶנּוּ  and he was not, Jer. 31:15; but a subst. is put in casus pendens, and resumed by suff., Gen. 42:36 יוֹסֵף אֵינֶנּוּ  J. is not; cf. v. 13; 37:30. With a clause, Gen. 37:29 אֵין יוסף בַּבּוֹר  ''Jos. was not'' in the pit. 44:31, Nu. 14:42.

(c) The telic neg. פֶּן  that not, lest, is usually joined to impf. and prefixed immediately to the verb. It expresses the motive of action in previous clause, and hence is much used: 1. After imper. (juss., coh.) and neg. clause. Gen. 3:3 לֹא תִגְּעוּ בּוֹ פֶּן־תְּמֻתוּן  ye shall not touch it lest ye die. 19:17; 38:23, Ex. 5:3, Jud. 18:25, 2 S. 1:20, Is. 6:10. 2. After words of fearing, expressed or understood. Gen. 32:12 I fear him פֶּן־יָבוֹא וְהִכַּנִי  lest he come and smite me, 26:7, 9. Gen. 3:22 וְעַתָּה פֶּן־יִשְׁלַח יָדוֹ , 19:19. Frequently in this sense after אמר  to say, think. Gen. 38:11 כִּי אָמַר פֶּן־יָמוּת גַּם הוּא  for he thought, Lest he die too, 31:31; 42:4, Nu. 16:34, Deu. 32:27. — Also after beware, Gen. 31:24 הִשָּֽׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן־תְּדַבֵּר  beware not to speak; 24:6, Deu. 4:23,