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 rights to its citizens of Jewish faith. In 1851, Louis Napoleon, through the French Minister at Berne, sent a note in which he stated that France would expel all Swiss citizens established in France in case the two Cantons (Basle City and County) would insist on carrying out their law prohibiting the establishment of French citizens of the Jewish faith on their territory. (Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, December 15, 1851; January 1, 1852; S. M. Strook, op. cit., pp. 12-13). The matter was finally referred to a commission of the Senate of the Second Empire and in 1864 a report was made through the chairman of the com¬ mission, Ferdinand de Lesseps, in the following terms:

"“No distinction may be recognized in the enjoyment of civil and political rights between a French Jew and a French Catholic or Protestant. This equality of rights must also follow a citizen beyond the frontier; and the principles of our Constitution do not authorize the Government to protect its subjects in a different manner according to which faith he professes.” (See Debats Parlementaires, 1909, p. 3779.)"

As a result of this movement, the French Government finally repudiated the prior treaties which were unsatisfactory in failing to guarantee equal treatment to all French citizens, and a new treaty was obtained from Switzerland in which such a guarantee was expressly made by recognizing “the right of French subjects, without distinction of faith or worship, to travel, sojourn, and transact all lawful business, as freely as Swiss Christian residents of other Cantons may do.” (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1864, p. 401.)

The victory which French diplomacy had won over the illiberalism of the Swiss Cantons solved the problem of the United States Government as well. In reporting upon the result of the ratification of the French Treaty, the United States Minister, Mr. Fogg, wrote to Mr. Seward, as follows: