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90 cities: they are inserted in the wall which separates them. The old city, although the wall that surrounds it has four times the extent of that part which incloses the new city, only communicates with the exterior by four gates. They are situated—the first two at the north angle and the north-east angle; the two others stretch from east to west, and terminate at the extremities of the Street of Benevolent Affection, Hoèi-gai-kiaï, which traverses, as I have already said, the whole length of the Tartar city.

"As to the Chinese city, it communicates by nine gates with the exterior; seven are opened in the south wall, which runs along the suburb, to facilitate commercial intercourse; and two are opened at the east and at the west, opposite each other. The first, the gate of Eternal Repose, is near the Hospital of Foundlings, You-yng-Tang: strangers sometimes visit it. The second, Tai-pin-Moun, is near the factories. A Tartar general is always on duty at the Eternal Repose, Yung-gan-Moun, and a sentinel, pike-in-hand, a conical hat, with red horse hair plumage, on his head, a placard, with large inscriptions on his breast, and boots with beaver soles on his feet, paces day and night before its threshold."

"At night, I know, the gates are shut which communicate with the suburbs and the country, but are the others also shut which connect the two official cities?"