Page:Indian Journal of Economics Volume 2.djvu/354

 40 H. STANLEY 'JEVON$ are equally essential W life. Economic welfare is s part of welfare in general.  Probably the soundest ss well ss the simplest view of the relation of the economic and non-economic activities is given by the theory which traces the recurrence of all activities firsfly o their survival value in the evolution of man sss highly specialized animal, and secondly W the subsequent interaction of the intelligence and felieifie power s which originated and were developed by survival in the struggle for 'existence. For the preservation of individuals food and shelter are necessary, and in any elimate but the tropics clothing also. The provision of these gives. rise to economic activities for the supply of what we esll necessaries. On the other hand in the preservation of the race, reproduction and mutual com- bination for oteetion against enemies are two great factors of survival. The former embraces all activities determined by sex relations and motherhood; the latter altruism and the instinet of co-operation to secure s common end. s In so far ss activities are directed to these thre primary ends---nourishment and preservation of the individual, reproduction of the species, and protection of. the race--they may be called funcrOat. Actions of the first class are either (1) instinctive, (reflex) ss avoidance of s blow, or walking, or (2) deliberate, ss eating. Actions of the instinctive class are indifferent ss r-egsrds feeling, but before they became fixed ss habits were not so--they resulted either from avoidance of anticipated pain or experience of pleasure (of accomplishment, ss well ss from sensa- tion) in the ehild's very early experience '. Actions of  .. C. Pl.u, Wmth .and Wdfar, p.S. s A oonvemsn trm modueed by ProL F. Y. Edgsworh to mm "a,y go eztract pe from giv material mea." $ his New and Old Methods of Etids. Oxford: J. Prkor, 1877; p. 71. a Thomson md Oeddes, lvoution (Home University Library)p. 146. 4 H.B. Msrsi11 mintsins shat "navy content m.y bring pressure under proper conditions" (i'at, Plsre am Aesthetic. s, p. 245), and he points out that the emotion of fear in mild degree is pleasurable, &rid is playfully sought (p. 246).