Page:Imperialdictiona03eadi Brandeis Vol3b.pdf/94

ROL , Charles III., the French monarch, deemed it the wiser policy to cede to him the portion of his dominions afterwards from its new lord styled Normandy, and at St. Clair sur Epte, a place on the frontier of the province, in 912, this important event occurred. There Charles and Rollo met. By the treaty in which the cession was made, the former agreed to give his daughter in marriage to the latter, while Rollo and his followers consented to embrace Christianity, and to hold their new possessions as a fief from the French sovereign. It was thus that the exiled Norse pirate became first duke of Normandy, and the founder of a powerful state. In 927, fifteen years afterwards—a period spent in the successful consolidation of his duchy—this valiant and politic conqueror resigned the dignity to his son, William Longsword, assassinated in 943.—J. J.  ROLLOCK,, an early and able Scottish scholar and divine, was born at Powis, near Stirling, in 1555. After attending the grammar-school of Stirling, he studied at St. Andrews, and at the end of his four years' course was chosen a professor of philosophy. For four years he had performed the duties of his chair with great applause, when he was in 1583 invited to a professorship in the university of Edinburgh, recently founded by James VI. His work soon became that of principal, as he exercised a careful superintendence over the students. The entire academic business was transacted in Latin. He was formally elected principal a few years after, and likewise professor of theology. He preached also on Sabbaths, and his salary was four hundred merks. At the meeting of the general assembly held in Dundee in 1597, he was chosen moderator; but he wanted the requisite firmness in those unsettled times. Cunning measures devised by the king were introduced in favour of episcopacy, and Rollock, according to Calderwood, "betrayed great weakness," in fact, showed himself to be without decision and energy. Not long after the meeting of assembly he was seized with a fatal illness, and died the 8th of January, 1598, in the forty-third year of his age. The entire population of Edinburgh attended his funeral, for his death was felt to be a public loss. The town council gave his widow the one half of his salary for five years, and dowried a posthumous daughter with one thousand merks. Rollock's works are chiefly commentaries—as on Galatians, Ephesians, Colossians, the Gospel of John, the Prophecies of Daniel, some select psalms, &c. Several of them have been translated into English. The annotations are brief, but good—in no sense profound or learned, yet always perspicuous and concise. Beza speaks of them as being printed at Geneva with highest praise. His elder brother Hercules was author of some Latin poems published in Arthur Johnston's Delitiæ.—J. E.  ROLT,, a miscellaneous writer, was born, it is supposed, at Shrewsbury in 1724 or 1725. He was probably bred to the law; but having hopes of promotion through a relative, one of the commissioners of excise, he was placed in a situation in that department in the north of England. Of this he was deprived because he visited the rebel army in 1745. Having then become an author by profession, he was constantly employed by the booksellers, and also wrote cantatas, songs, &c., for the theatres. He published "Cambria," a poem; a "History of the General War," which terminated in 1748; the "Life of John, Earl of Crawford;" and other works. He died March 2, 1770.—D. W. R.  ROMAGNOSI,, lawyer and writer on political economy, born at Salso Maggiore, near Piacenza, 1761; died in Milan, June, 1835. In 1791 he published his "Genesi del Diritto Penale," an endeavour to ascertain the foundation on which penal legislation rests. He rejected the French hypothesis of the social contract, and proposed self-defence and necessity as the required basis. This book led to his appointment by the prince bishop of Trent to the prætorship (head magistracy) of that town, an annual office which Romagnosi filled during three successive years. He was then named Aulic councillor. His compositions, "Che cosa è Eguaglianza," "Che cosa è Libertà," published in 1793, show him exempt from that extreme enthusiasm which the so-called new ideas kindled in many persons; and when the French entered the Tyrol, Romagnosi, as general secretary of the superior council, laboured to mitigate the evils of invasion. In 1806, he and some of his legal brethren were commissioned to form an Italian criminal code. The consultations took place in Milan, where Romagnosi vainly advocated the institution of the jury, and successfully opposed the introduction of lettres-de-cachet. The new code appeared in 1807 under the title Codice di Procedura Penale del Regno d'ltalia. The fall of Napoleon in 1814 deprived Romagnosi of some appointments which he held, and he retired into a more private sphere. In 1821 a charge of high treason to the emperor was brought against him, when he was tried in Venice, and most honourably acquitted. His works include, besides a vast body of legal matter, one or two biographical memoirs.—C. G. R.  ROMAINE,, was born at Hartlepool, 25th September, 1714. His father was one of the French protestants who came over to England at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and died in 1757. After attending the grammar-school at Houghton-le-Spring, founded by Bernard Gilpin, he entered the university of Oxford in 1730 or 1731. He joined Hertford college, but afterwards removed to Christ's church, and took his degree in October, 1737. A year before he had been admitted deacon at Hereford, and he was ordained priest by Dr. Hoadly at the end of 1738. He served several curacies at first, and was chaplain to Sir David Lambert, lord mayor of London. In 1748 he was chosen lecturer of St. Botolph's; in 1749 lecturer of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West; in 1750 morning lecturer in St. George's, Hanover Square; and in 1756 curate and morning preacher in St. Olave's, Southwark. He held also for some time, but with small success, the professorship of astronomy in Gresham college; for under the influence of Hutchinsonian views, he combated some portions of the Newtonian system. He was chosen to the rectory of Blackfriars in 1764, but owing to a dispute in chancery he was not admitted till 1766. In this situation he continued for thirty years, or till his death on July 26, 1795. Romaine thus spent a long life in preaching the gospel. It was his enthusiastic work, and the Calvinistic aspects of truth were put and kept in uniform prominence by him. Nothing like depth of thought, brilliancy of imagination, or felicity of style, appears in his discourses. They are always sensible, fluent, spiritual, and devout, and were probably delivered with solemn animation. He published a great number of separate discourses, many of them on passing events. His most popular treatises are his "Walk of Faith," 1791, and "The Triumph of Faith," 1795, treatises rich in practical and experimental piety. Though he was so popular in London, his Calvinism made him very distasteful to his own university; and after preaching there a sermon afterwards published under the title of the "Lord our Righteousness," the university pulpit was closed against him. He was one of Warburton's opponents, and published two sermons on the Divine Legation. The first is declared to be "a Demonstration of the divine mission of Moses based on his mention of a future state," and the second has for its title, "Future rewards and punishments proved to be the sanctions of the Mosaic dispensation." The two discourses are weak and unsatisfactory; not a single argument or expository proof in favour of his position being found in them. Romaine was a great and bitter opponent of Jewish emancipation, and in 1753 he preached and published against it—as an attempt to "naturalize the outcasts of heaven," as his biographer phrases it. So popular were his furious declamatory papers, that the corporation of London reprinted them in a collected form. But though Romaine thought that Jewish emancipation was against Moses and the prophets, he spent a good many years in preparing for the press a new edition of Calasio's Hebrew Concordance. It appeared in four volumes in 1747-49. It is really a new edition of the original work of Rabbi Nathan, and is disfigured by many inaccuracies. Some have even thought that they had discovered traces of the editor's Hutchinsonianism in it. Romaine, though a man of fervent piety, is said to have been quick in temper, and often curt in reply and blunt in manner.—J. E.  ROMANA See.  ROMANET,, a celebrated French line-engraver, was born at Paris in 1748. He was a scholar of G. J. Wille, and was afterwards for a while at Zurich with C. Mechel, whom he assisted in many of his plates. Romanet engraved many admirable plates for the Orleans gallery and the gallery of the palais royale. Among his best prints are Correggio's Vierge au Panier, Raphael's Virgin and Child, L. Carracci's Susanna and the Elders. He also engraved prints after Titian, P. Veronese, G. Dow, Le Brun, &c.; several portraits and prints for such works as Freudenburger's Manners and Customs of the Eighteenth Century. He died in 1807.—J. T—e.  ROMANINO,, called , was born at Brescia about 1480, and was still painting in that city in 1511; he died about 1560. Romanino was an imitator of <section end="94Zcontin" />