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RIC are the frescoes in the Murari and Ridolfi palaces. His taste was more for heathen than the christian mythology or legends of the church. He died in 1567.—Domenico's son, (1540-1605), was an excellent portrait-painter.—(Ridolfi; Dal Pozzo.)—R. N. W.  RICCIOLI,, an Italian astronomer, was born at Ferrara in 1598, and died at Bologna on the 25th of June, 1671. At an early age he entered the order of Jesuits, and after teaching various sciences in their colleges, he applied himself to astronomy in obedience to the commands of his superiors. They are alleged to have had in view the raising up an opponent to the system of Copernicus, and the doctrines of Kepler and Galileo, who should be capable of arguing on scientific as well as on theological grounds. He compiled several astronomical and geographical works, which are now valued for the information which they contain as to the astronomy of the ancients, and were of service at the time, because they contained the corrections of several errors in received numerical data, such as latitudes and longitudes.—W. J. M. R.  RICCOBONI,, an Italian actor under the name of , and theatrical author, born in 1674 or 1677 at Modena, exercised his profession in Italy and France, and quitted the stage from religious motives. He died in 1753.—, actress and novelist, born in Paris, 1714; died, 1792. She married into the family of the preceding, composed many original fictions, translated Fielding's Amelia, and corresponded with Garrick.—C. G. R.  RICE. See.  RICH,, a traveller and Oriental scholar of singular talent and mental precocity, whose researches in Babylon and its neighbourhood led the way to the discoveries of Rawlinson and Layard. He was born near Dijon in France, on the 28th of March, 1787, and soon afterwards was taken by his parents to Bristol. He very early showed an intense desire to acquire languages; and while passing through the ordinary course of instruction in Latin and Greek, he taught himself several modern tongues. When about nine years old, the sight of an Arabic manuscript excited him to the study of that language. Before he was fifteen he had learned not only to read, write, and speak Arabic, but had made considerable progress in Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, and Turkish. He tested the last-named accomplishment by addressing a shipwrecked Turk in the street one evening, to whom he gave assistance, and whom he again encountered in altered circumstances on board a ship in the Mediterranean some years afterwards. Through Dr. Marshman, Mr. Ryland, and other friends, young Rich obtained introductions to influential persons, one of whom appointed him to a cadetship in the East India Company's military service. Sir Charles Wilkins of the India House, however, having discovered that the young cadet possessed so extraordinary a knowledge of languages, recommended that the military should be exchanged for the civil service in his case, and a writership at Bombay was presented to Rich by Mr. Parry. Before proceeding to his destination, he was attached as secretary to the consul-general of Egypt. His ship caught fire in the bay of Rosas, and he escaped with the crew to Catalonia. After this he spent three years travelling in Europe and Asia, and reached Bombay in September, 1807. He had been introduced by the Rev. Robert Hall to Sir James Mackintosh, at whose house in Bombay he went to reside. The intimacy thus begun, resulted in the union of Miss Mackintosh to Rich by marriage. In January, 1808, the newly married pair removed to Bagdad, where Rich had been appointed resident before he had completed his twenty-first year. Here for a period of twelve years he discharged the duties of his office with diligence and skill, and pursued his oriental researches with unwearied assiduity. His extraordinary collections of manuscripts, coins, and inscriptions made at this time, with a view to a comprehensive history of that part of Asia, were afterwards purchased by parliament for the British museum. To conceive what he might have done by what he accomplished, the reader must examine for himself the "Memoirs on Babylon and Persepolis," of which the best edition was published by Mrs. Rich in 1839, and the "Residence in Koordistan," 2 vols., 1836. Rich died at Shiraz, of cholera, on the 5th of October, 1821.—R. H.  RICH,, Baron, Lord-chancellor of England, born about 1497, was the grandson of a sheriff of London, an opulent mercer, who became a landowner. Rich went to the bar, and according to Sir Thomas More's statement on his trial, was in early life "light of tongue and a great dicer." He made his way, however, was appointed attorney-general of Wales in 1532, and became solicitor-general in the following year. A ready and unscrupulous tool, he was employed to elicit from Fisher in the Tower, under the promise of secrecy, a denial of the royal supremacy, and appeared as a witness not only at his trial, but at that of Sir Thomas More, whom he had endeavoured to entrap in a similar manner, and who charged him with downright perjury. As a reward a very large share of the church lands was given him. After the accession of Edward VI. he was raised to the peerage and appointed chancellor. When Somerset, to whom he owed the appointment, was tottering to his fall. Rich joined the earl of Warwick (afterwards duke of Northumberland), and in 1551 resigned his chancellorship, under pretence of illness, but really to avoid compromising himself. He was among those who endorsed the dying Edward's nomination of Lady Jane Grey as his successor to the throne; but when Mary was victorious. Rich actually allowed himself to be appointed one of twenty-five peers to try Northumberland, and becoming a Roman catholic, was a frequent member of commissions for the trial of heretics. He died in 1568. He was the ancestor of the earls of Warwick and of Holland, two peerages which after being united became extinct together in 1759. His son. Lord Robert Rich, married Penelope Devereux, daughter of the earl of Essex, and the "Stella" of Sir Philip Sidney.—F. E.  RICHARD I., King of England, surnamed , was the second son of Henry II. by Eleanor of Guienne, and was born at Oxford in 1157. Like the rest of the legitimate sons of Henry, Richard was a most undutiful son. Though he had been invested by Henry with the duchy of Guienne and county of Poitou, he was induced by his mother in 1173 to unite with his brothers, Henry and Geoffrey, in a rebellion against their father. But after a series of unsuccessful enterprises, they were compelled to petition for peace in 1174, and were pardoned by the placable monarch. Upon the death of his eldest brother, Prince Henry, Richard became heir-apparent to the crown, and required to resign Guienne to his younger brother, John, as his appanage. He refused his consent, however, to this arrangement, and prepared to maintain possession of the duchy by force of arms; but his mother, the heiress of Guienne, having required him to deliver up this territory, he submitted to the demand and was again restored to favour. But in 1189 the turbulent prince once more rebelled against his father, and entered into a private confederacy with Philip, king of France, who, by working upon his impatient and ambitious temper, seduced him from his duty, and persuaded him to take part in a suicidal attempt to dismember the kingdom which he was one day to inherit. In 1189 he openly revolted from his allegiance, and did homage to Philip for the dominions which his father held in France. A war ensued in which the confederates were successful, and exacted humiliating conditions of peace from the heart-broken monarch. On his death, shortly after (6th July, 1189), Richard succeeded to the throne. On the following day he visited his father's dead body at the convent of Fontevrault, and expressed great remorse for his undutiful behaviour. After settling his affairs in France he sailed for England, and was crowned at Westminster on the 3rd September, 1189. His coronation was stained by a violent attack by the mob upon the Jews, who came in considerable numbers to do homage to their new sovereign, bringing with them rich presents of gold and silver. The rumour was spread that the king had given orders to massacre the whole of this unhappy race. The populace broke into the houses of those who remained at home, plundered them, and murdered the owners. This example was soon followed throughout the provincial towns, and everywhere the defenceless strangers were robbed and massacred in great numbers. Richard, before his accession to the throne, had taken the cross along with his father, and he now lost no time in making arrangements for joining the new levies of crusaders, who were preparing to embark for the Holy Land. In order to raise the necessary funds he oppressed his people by numerous exactions, extorted money by threats and fraud, put to sale not merely the revenues and manors of the crown, but offices of the greatest trust and power; and he is said to have declared that he would sell London itself could he find a purchaser. Having by such unscrupulous measures collected large sums of money, and equipped his armament, he left the administration of the country in the hands of the bishops of Durham 