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WAK Atterbury, and discourses learnedly and broadly on the rights of convocation. The controversy was a warm one, and several prelates took part in it. In 1701 he was made dean of Exeter, and in 1705 was promoted to the see of Lincoln. In January, 1716, he was translated to the diocese of Canterbury, on the death of Archbishop Tenison. Archbishop Wake was firm, and in some respects liberal, in the discharge of his public duties. He would not repeal the test act on the one hand, and on the other hand he laboured to promote a union between the churches of England and France—his correspondents being the learned historian Dupin, and some of the leaders of the Jansenist party. He published some sermons and an Exposition of the Catechism. He corresponded also on similar topics with Turretin, and others of the protestant continental churches. Archbishop Wake was for many years enfeebled by disease, and he died at Lambeth on the 24th January, 1737. He bequeathed his library and collection of coins, worth £10,000, to Christ church, Oxford. After his death his sermons and charges were published in three volumes octavo.—J. E.  WAKEFIELD,, a writer and high authority on the question of colonization, was the son of Mr. Edward Wakefield, author of Ireland, Statistical and Political, and was born about the beginning of the present century. In 1833 he published "England and America," a comparison of the political state of both nations, in which he expounded what he considered the true theory of colonization. In 1837 he published another work on the same subject, in which he unfolded his views more fully; and two years later took an active part in founding the now flourishing towns of Nelson and Wellington. In 1839 he accompanied the late Earl Durham to Canada as his private secretary. Mr. Wakefield resided for many years on the continent, and died there in 1863.—J. T.  WAKEFIELD,, was born on the 22nd February, 1756, in the parsonage house of St. Nicholas, Nottingham, his father being rector of the parish. In 1772 he entered Jesus college, Cambridge, took his bachelor's degree in 1776, and was elected a fellow the following year. In 1778 he received deacon's orders, and before the end of the year was curate of St. Peter's, Liverpool. In the meantime he was growing more and more dissatisfied with the creed and liturgy of the Church of England, and in 1779 he became classical tutor at a dissenting academy at Warrington. While occupying this situation, he published in 1781 a new translation of the First Epistle of Paul to the Thessalonians, followed next year by a new translation of the gospel of St. Matthew. Ultimately he published the whole of the New Testament in three volumes octavo. The translation is good in some parts, but inaccurate in others, and is, according to the opinion of good judges, deeply tinctured by his creed. The academy at Warrington having broken up, Wakefield retired to Bramcoate in Nottinghamshire, with the view of taking private pupils. When residing here he published in 1784 an "Inquiry into the opinions of the Christian writers of the first three centuries concerning the person of Christ." In 1784 he went to Nottingham, and remained there six years. His connection with the Church of England now finally ceased, and he became through life its vehement enemy. In 1790 he removed as tutor to the dissenting academy at Hackney, but he soon quarreled with his colleagues and resigned. Various works, all of which bear marks of haste, now occupied him, such as an edition of Horace, select Greek tragedies, Bion and Moschus, and Virgil, with an edition of the works of Pope. But he diverged into politics, was a keen opponent of the war with France, and published in 1798 a "Reply to some parts of the Bishop of Llandaff's address." For this he was tried before Lord Kenyon at Westminster in 1799, convicted, and sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Dorchester gaol, and to give security for good behaviour for five years, himself in £500, and two others in £250 each. A subscription was at once started for him, which ultimately produced £5000. On his release (29th May, 1801), he returned to London, and commenced to lecture on the second book of the Æneid. On the 27th of August he was seized with typhus fever, and died on the 9th of September. Wakefield was a man of impetuous and honest character, distinguished by extensive acquirements and continuous industry. His scholarship was also great and multifarious, though it cannot be compared in minuteness or depth to that of Porson or Burney. His "Sylva Critica, or illustrations of the classics and New Testament," has many happy remarks, but abounds in rash conjectures and daring emendations. Wakefield's correspondence with Charles James Fox was published in a thin octavo volume some years after his death.—J. E.  WAKEFIELD,, a once favourite English writer for the young, was born in 1750. Her maiden name was Trewman, and she was educated by her parents, who were Quakers, in the sober and benevolent tenets of that sect. During a great portion of her life she resided at Tottenham, near London. To her has been attributed the first establishment of savings banks for the poor, under the demure name of Frugality banks. She attained a great age, and died at Ipswich in 1832. A list of her publications will be found in the London catalogue.—R. H.  WAKEFIELD,, a learned English divine and linguist, was born in the north of England, and was educated at Cambridge. He studied the oriental languages in the East, and in 1519 became Hebrew professor at Louvain. He subsequently returned home, and became chaplain to the dean of St. Paul's. He took a prominent part in the discussion relative to Henry VIII.'s first divorce, at first siding with the queen, and afterwards with the king. Henry rewarded him by making him professor of Hebrew at Oxford, and in 1532 Wakefield was made a canon of Wolsey's college and B.D. He published an oration in praise of the Oriental languages, which was printed by Wynkyn de Worde, who had no Hebrew type, and therefore obliged his author to omit the whole of the third part of his work. His "Koster Codicis," &c., was the work he wrote in favour of the king's divorce, 1528, and besides several compositions left in MS. He is the author of "Syntagma de Hebræorum Codicum Incorruptione," and "Paraphrasis in librum Koheleth" (Ecclesiasticus), in 4to, both without date.—F.  WALBAUM,, naturalist and physician, born at Wolfenbüttel in 1724, was the son of a brewer, and at the age of thirteen was called by the death of his father to take charge of the business. He found time, however, for other pursuits, to which he had been originally destined, especially botany, and afterwards devoted himself to the study of medicine at Helmstädt and Göttingen, receiving his diploma of doctor of medicine in 1749. Some time after this he settled at Lubeck, where he practised his profession, and pursued his studies in botany and zoology. He devoted himself especially to ichthyology, in which department he was probably unrivalled. He wrote numerous memoirs in the scientific periodicals of Lubeck, Berlin, and Hanover; two treatises on midwifery; descriptions of certain species of waterfowl, and of some species of tortoise. He died of apoplexy in 1799.—F. M. W.  WALCH,, was born at Jena in 1726, and was appointed professor of theology in the university of his native place in 1784. He chiefly distinguished himself by researches in the department of ecclesiastical history. His great work is the "Entwurf einer Geschichte der Ketzereien," 11 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1762-85. He also published "Historia Adoptianorum," 1755; and "Historia Patropaschitarum," 1760.—S. D.  WALCH,, brother to the last, was born at Jena in 1725. In 1759 he became professor of eloquence and poetry at Jena, and died in 1778. His fame rested on his mineralogical knowledge, which was extensive. He had one of the richest mineralogical museums that existed in Germany in his day.—S. D, <section end="549H" /> <section begin="549I" />WALCH,, a learned theologian, father of the last two, born at Meiningen in 1693. After studying at Jena he became professor there of philosophy, eloquence, and poetry in succession. In 1724 he was appointed professor of theology. His death took place in 1775. He published "Theologia Patristica," 1770; the "Philosophische Lexicon," 2 vols., 1726; and "Einleitung in die theologischen Wissenschaften," 1747; second edition, 1753.—S. D. <section end="549I" /> <section begin="549Zcontin" />WALCHER,, was born on the 6th January, 1718, at Linz, and entered the Society of Jesus at the age of nineteen. He soon turned his attention to the hydraulic works on the Danube, and in 1750 gave public lectures on mathematics at the university of Vienna. In 1773 he was nominated director of the second division of navigation on the Danube, and took a leading part in the hydraulic works then being executed on the Danube, on the Adige, and in the Tyrol. In 1797 he resumed his lectures at Vienna on mechanics and hydraulics, and established a museum containing models of all the works he had executed, and also a museum of physical science, in the university, <section end="549Zcontin" />