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VAN of £30,000 a year, were at the same time relinquished, with the exception of £1000 a year, which was reserved for his deputy. Vane was one of the commissioners sent to Scotland in 1643 to solicit the assistance of the Scottish nation in the contest with the king, and was mainly instrumental in framing the Solemn League and Covenant, which brought twenty thousand men into the field, and contributed largely to the triumph of the parliament. He was one of the chief promoters of the "self-denying ordinance," and the new model for the army. He was a zealous opponent of the presbyterian party, and generally acted along with the independents in their ecclesiastical policy. But he disapproved of the expulsion of the presbyterian members by the army, and of the execution of the king. He had some months before that act retired to the country, with the intention of taking no further part in public life; but he was induced in February, 1649, by the earnest entreaty of his former associates, to accept a seat in the council of state, and in 1652 for a time held the office of president. He was also placed at the head of the committee chosen to manage the affairs of the admiralty and navy, and exhibited in that situation administrative talents of a very high order. Towards the close of 1651 he was nominated one of the commissioners who were sent to Scotland, for the settlement of the union with England. He early detected and strove, though in vain, to frustrate the ambitious designs of Cromwell; and when the parliament was forcibly dissolved by the protector, it was engaged in discussing a masterly scheme which Vane had prepared for settling the representation of the country upon a popular and equitable basis. Vane was one of the last members who quitted the house; and as he passed Cromwell, who was vituperating the leading men with great bitterness, he said aloud—"This is not honest! yea, it is against morality and common honesty." Cromwell then addressed to him in a loud but troubled voice the memorable words—"Sir Harry Vane, Sir Harry Vane—the Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane!" During the remainder of Cromwell's career Sir Henry lived in strict retirement, and devoted himself to philosophical and religious studies. He published, in 1656, "The Retired Man's Meditation," an elaborate work illustrative of his views on religion and philosophy; and a political treatise, entitled "A Healing Question Propounded and Resolved," &c., which provoked the anger of Cromwell, and led to the imprisonment of the intrepid author in Carisbrook castle. He speedily regained his liberty, however; and after the death of the protector he was, in spite of the opposition of the government, elected a member of the parliament summoned by Richard Cromwell, in which he zealously supported republican views and opposed the measures of the protector. On the abdication of Richard, Vane assisted in resuscitating the Long parliament, and was appointed a member of the committee of safety, to whom the supreme power of the country was for a short time intrusted. He was also chairman of a committee of the council of state, to whom the whole military and naval force of the country was committed. Shortly after the Restoration, Sir Henry was arrested and cast into the Tower. He was excepted from the act of indemnity through the influence of Clarendon, but on the distinct promise given by the king, in compliance with the request of the house of commons, that his life should be spared. He was kept in prison for two years in a solitary castle on one of the Scilly isles, and was at length brought to trial before the court of king's bench on the 2nd of June, 1662. The proceedings of the court exhibited a scandalous violation both of law and justice, and even of common decency. Vane defended himself with remarkable ability and eloquence, and proved by unanswerable arguments that the charges against him were illegal and unjust. But he was of course found guilty, and the profligate monarch violated his promise, declaring in a well-known letter to Clarendon that Vane was "too dangerous a man to let live." The indomitable patriot was beheaded on Tower Hill on the 13th of June, testifying to the last on behalf of "the good old cause," amidst the most disgraceful interruptions on the part of the authorities, who repeatedly caused the trumpeters to blow in his face to prevent his being heard. His address produced a great impression upon the people; and it was generally thought, says Burnet, "that the government had lost more than it gained by his death." Sir Henry Vane was undoubtedly one of the ablest and most accomplished statesmen of the Commonwealth, and his disinterestedness and integrity were above suspicion. In addition to the works already mentioned, he was the author of the "People's Case Stated;" and of some fragments on "Government, Religion, Life, Death, Friends, Enemies," &c. Sir Henry had four sons and six daughters by his wife Frances, daughter of Sir C. Wray, Bart.—, the youngest and only surviving son, was reinstated in the family estates by Charles II., and was created a peer at the Revolution by the title of Lord Barnard. The present duke of Cleveland is his direct descendant.—(Forster's Eminent British Statesmen, vol. iv.; State Trials, vol. ii.)—J. T.  VAN HELMONT. See.  VANIERE, (better known as ), one of the best of the modern French writers of Latin poetry, was born, as he himself tells us (Præd. Rus. libri v.), at Causses, a small town in Languedoc. He studied first at Beziers with the Jesuits, whose society he entered in 1680, and afterwards at Tours. His genius for poetry, which had already shown itself, procured him the place of ecrivain in the college of Toulouse; some time afterwards he was appointed rector of that of Auch. He returned to Toulouse about the year 1730, and died there on the 22nd August, 1739. His principal work, the "Prædium Rusticum," has gone through many editions. It is written in imitation of the Georgica of Virgil, and contains a great many happy descriptions of country life.—R. M., A.  VANINI,, a martyr, like Servetus, Bruno, and Campanella, to the brutal bigotry of a ferocious ecclesiasticism, was born at Tourosano in the kingdom of Naples, in 1585. On the title-pages of his books he called himself Julius Cæsar Vanini. Combining with a rather weak head and unsettled habits an ardent thirst of knowledge, he jumbled together in his brain the opinions of Aristotle and Pomponatius, Averrhoes and Cardan, and travelled into almost every country of Europe where philosophy was cultivated. He published at Lyons, in 1615, a work entitled "Amphitheatrum æternæ providentiæ adversus veteres philosophos, atheos," &c.; and in the following year he published at Paris four dialogues, "De admirandis Naturæ, Reginæ Deæque mortalium, arcanis." The first of these works is quite unexceptionable in point of orthodoxy, but the latter is decidedly materialistic in its philosophy, and pantheistic in its theology. Soon after its publication he went to reside at Toulouse. This was unfortunate, for Toulouse was then a very hot-bed of bigotry, and the only town in France in which the inquisition had a flourishing establishment. It is not improbable that Vanini went thither for the very purpose of bearding the lion of persecution in his den. If so, his fate is less deserving of commiseration. Be that as it may, he made no secret of his opinions. The authorities very soon took hold of him, and the parliament of Toulouse, of whom Gramond was the president, condemned him to be burnt alive for impiety—a sentence which was executed on the 19th of February, 1619, with every aggravation which the most refined cruelty could suggest, and recorded by Gramond with all the exultation which the most fiend-like malice could dictate. For full particulars respecting the life, works, and death of Vanini, the reader may be referred to La vie et les sentimens de Lucilio Vanini, Rotterdam, 1717, by Durand, and to an article by Victor Cousin in the Revue des Deux Mondes, December, 1843.—J. F. F.  VAN KEULEN,, a Dutch mathematician, flourished during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; he died at Leyden in 1610. He taught mathematics at Breda and Amsterdam. He was noted for his care and industry in mathematical investigations. Amongst other labours, he determined the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle to thirty places of decimals; being a degree of accuracy far beyond that which had been attained previously.—W. J. M. R.  VANLOO,, a distinguished oil and fresco painter, commonly called, was born at Nice in 1705, and studied in Italy. He was one of the cleverest of the French mannerists of the eighteenth century, whose figures, however, are sometimes so conventional as to be scarcely human. Carle Vanloo was elected a member of the French Academy in 1735, became a chevalier of the order of St. Michel in 1751, principal painter to the king in 1762, and director of the academy in 1763. He died in 1765.—R. N. W.  VANMANDER,, a Flemish painter, born at Meulbeke, near Courtray, in 1548. He studied under Lucas de Heere at Ghent, and in 1574 visited Rome, returning home by way of Vienna and Switzerland. Owing to religious disturbances, he was forced to emigrate with his family to Holland. He settled in Haarlem, devoting his time to poetry and general literature, as 