Page:Imperialdictiona03eadi Brandeis Vol3b.pdf/464

TYL annexed. At the expiration, in 1845, of his term of office he retired into private life.—F. E.  TYLER,, is the name, either real or assumed, of the hero of a revolutionary episode in English history which occurred in the fourth year of the reign of Richard II. Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and Hob Carter were the designations of the leaders of some hundred thousand malcontents who marched from the south-eastern counties towards London in 1381. After burning the duke of Lancaster's palace, and putting to death several men of high station who fell into their hands, these insurgents obtained an interview with the young king, who consented to their demand for the abolition of serfdom, and other advantages of the same kind. The king had quitted the main body of his rebellious subjects, and was on his way back to London, when he met Wat Tyler with a strong body of partisans on their way, it is supposed, to the head-quarters of the insurrection. A conversation ensued between the king and the popular leader, during which the latter exhibited so much more animation with a weapon in his hand than beseemed the occasion, that Walworth, the lord mayor, either provoked or suspicious of danger, struck Tyler a mortal blow. The rage of the mob at the fall of their hero was adroitly assuaged by the king, who, riding straight among them, offered to be himself their leader. The people followed Richard, who, leading them away from the other body of insurgents, finally induced them to separate.—R. H.  TYNDALE or TINDALE,, the early translator of scripture, and martyr, was born, according to some, at Hunts court. North Nibley, in the hundred of Berkeley, Gloucestershire. As the place of his birth is not distinctly known, neither is the year, which some place in 1477, and others in 1484. The family was originally from the north of England, and were barons of Tynedale. One of them who, during the wars of the York and Lancaster factions, had joined the weaker party, fled for safety into Gloucestershire, lived under an assumed name, and married the heiress of Hunts court. His grandson was William Tyndale, who entered Oxford at an early age, but afterwards removed to Cambridge, and took his degree. He was ordained in March, 1502, and soon after became a friar in the monastery of Greenwich. At this early period he seems to have begun that work to which he devoted his subsequent life. His active and inquisitive mind had also imbibed the Lutheran tenets, among which the free use of the word of God is not the least conspicuous. In 1522 Tyndale is found as a tutor in the house of Sir John Welch of Little Sodbury, not far from Bristol, and he embraced the opportunity of preaching in the neighbouring villages—a practice that brought him into conflict with the Romish ecclesiastics. Here too he translated the Enchiridion Militis of Erasmus, and presented it to his host and hostess. On account of canonical irregularities and suspected heresy, he was cited to appear before the ordinary, by whom, as himself says, he was "rated like a dog," but no penalty was inflicted on him. His free opinions and discussions, however, provoked such enmity and opposition, that he left the country and came to London, hoping to obtain a chaplaincy in the house of Tonstall, bishop of London. But there "was no room in my lord of London's palace" to translate the New Testament. At this period he enjoyed the protection of Alderman Humphrey Monmouth, and lived with him about six months in 1523. The alderman promised him £10 "to praie for his father and mother, their sowles," and continued to pay it yearly after Tyndale left England. The worthy alderman was afterwards imprisoned for his patronage of the suspected heretic. In the latter end of 1523 Tyndale went abroad, and landing at Hamburg or at Antwerp, completed his translation of the New Testament. In 1525 he wished to have it printed at Cologne; but after ten sheets in quarto were printed, the work was interrupted by the opposition of Cochlæus, and he was driven to Worms. At this place the work was finished. An octavo edition was also published, the translator's name being affixed to neither of the editions. The translation is made neither from Luther's German nor from the Vulgate, but from the Greek. Two copies still exist—one in the library of St. Paul's, the other in that of the Baptist college, Bristol. Copies of the translated New Testament soon found their way into England, and in 1526 Tonstall issued a prohibition against them, requiring all who had them to deliver them up within thirty days, on pain of excommunication. Two years afterwards copies were purchased or collected and burned. The money given by the bishop for such copies, denounced by him as containing "straunge lernynge," enabled Tyndale only to print more, Warham, Wolsey, and Sir Thomas More denounced him with a bitter and malignant vehemence, but their words were wasted, though many poor men were rigorously sought out and persecuted. The genius of More was easily foiled, and his seven volumes against Tyndale are an anomaly—not easily paralleled in the history of literature. The burning of his translation suggested to the translator his own fate—"They did," he says, "none other thing than I looked for; no more shal they doo if they burnne me also." In the meantime several editions were shipped to England, and the doctrine of the Reformation was rapidly spreading. The result of all this opposition was, as Fox expresses it—"Copies of the New Testament came thick and threefold into England." In 1528 Tyndale published "Obedience of a Christian Man," and in the preface to this excellent book pleads for the free circulation of the scriptures. Many other tracts and books were at this period published by him. A fifth edition of his New Testament was printed in 1529, and he commenced to print the first four books of the Old Testament—the fifth was lost by a shipwreck. But Coverdale and he retranslated Deuteronomy, the only portion of scripture in the translation of which they assisted each other. The enemies of the translator now endeavoured to decoy him into England, but he was too wary to be so easily entrapped, as he quite knew what irritation King Henry felt at his "Practice of Prelates," which had been printed at Marburg in 1530. At Antwerp Tyndale acted as chaplain to the company of English merchants, and still engaged in laborious study. After the martyrdom of Frith he set himself to revise his New Testament—as he says in his preface—"which I have looked over again with all diligence, and compared with the Greek, and have weded out of it many fautes." At length, through the treachery of a spy named Philips, son of a custom-house officer at Poole, he was apprehended by a warrant from Brussels. Pointz, the merchant in whose house he lived, used every means with King Henry and the emperor of Germany to save him, and with difficulty escaped himself. His letter to the Lord Cromwell is still preserved. Tyndale was taken to Vilvorde, about twenty miles from Antwerp. After two years' imprisonment he was brought to trial and condemned, and on Friday, 6th October, 1536, he suffered—being chained to the stake, strangled, and burned to ashes. His last words were—"Lord, open the king of England's eyes." It is remarkable that next year, and by royal command, the Bible was published through England, and placed in every church for the free use of the people. The merits of Tyndale must ever be acknowledged by all who possess and relish the English Bible, for the authorized version of the New Testament has his for its true basis. The resemblance is very close. Tyndale predicted that through his means ploughboys should have the word of God, and he kept his promise. During his imprisonment he prepared an edition of the New Testament with the provincial spelling of his native county. He was a man of great simplicity, of winning manners, of abstemious habits, of untiring industry, and fervent piety. The imperial procurator who prosecuted him, calls him "homo doctus, pius, et bonus." The works of Tyndale and Frith were published in 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1831. Life by George Offor, prefixed to Bagster's reprint of the first edition of his New Testament in 1836. His doctrinal treatises, and his. "Exposition and Notes," have also been edited for the Parker Society.—J. E.  TYPOT,, a jurisconsult and voluminous author, was born of an ancient family at Diest in Brabant. On completing his education he visited the most celebrated schools of Europe, and for some time taught law in Italy. He settled at Würtzburg in Franconia, but afterwards went to Sweden on an invitation from John III. The riches and honours conferred upon him by that king made him an object of envy and suspicion to some of the great lords of the kingdom. He was accordingly accused of crimes of which he was probably innocent, and sent to prison by order of the king. Frederick II. of Denmark, whose physician was brother to Typot, interceded for him, but without effect—the credulous monarch taking for granted the truth of the accusations that had been made against him. He was not enlarged till the accession of Sigismund—a prince whose favour he subsequently enjoyed. When Charles IX., however, came to the throne, Typot left Sweden, and betook himself to the court of the Emperor Rudolph II., who made him his historiographer. Typot died at Prague in 1602. When a prisoner he wrote—"De Fortuna libri tres;" "De Justo, sive de Legibus libri duo;" 