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TUR The public-spirited prelate also obtained a charter from James II. erecting the city and patrimonies of the see into a regality. Bishop Turnbull died at Rome in 1454.—J. T.  TURNEBUS, TOURNEBŒUF, or TURNBULL, , was born at Andeli in Normandy in 1512. He received his education in Paris, and soon rose to proficiency in all branches of classical learning. He taught classics for a brief season at Toulouse, and in 1547 became professor of Greek at Paris. He died there in 1565, having refused advantageous offers from other countries with promise of far greater emolument. His works were collected in three volumes folio, and consist of translations from Aristotle, Plato, Plutarch, &c.; annotations on Cicero, Varro, Thucydides, &c.; writings against Ramus, &c. Turnebus was one of the lights of his age, and added to great erudition the charm of a benign and generous disposition. His "Adversaria," consisting of explanations of hundreds of Latin passages, have been extolled highly by succeeding critics, such as Gesner, Lipsius, and Scaliger.—J. E.  TURNER,, an eminent mezzotint engraver, was born at Woodstock, Oxfordshire, in 1773. When a youth he obtained employment in the establishment of Alderman Boydell. In 1795 he became a student of the Royal Academy. As an engraver he distinguished himself by breadth of handling, richness of tone, and brilliancy. His larger plate of the "Shipwreck," after J. M. W. Turner, is of its class the finest mezzotint ever published. He also engraved in an admirable manner several of the prints in our great landscape painter's Liber Studiorum, and in his Rivers of England. Among his landscapes, after other masters, the best perhaps is Callcott's Water Mill. Among the most noted of his portraits are the Marlborough Family, after Reynolds; James Watt, after Lawrence; and Sir Francis Chantrey, after Raeburn. During his later years Mr. Turner drew a great many portraits in chalk, and painted a few in oil. In 1828 he was elected associate engraver of the Royal Academy; and he died August 1, 1857.—J. T—e.  TURNER,, an eminent English botanist, was born at Great Yarmouth on the 18th of October, 1775, and died at Brompton on 20th June, 1858. He was the eldest son of Mr. James Turner, banker in Great Yarmouth. His early classical studies were conducted at home by a private tutor. He entered Pembroke college, Oxford, but did not continue there long, in consequence of the death of his father, which compelled him to take part in the banking business of Gurneys and Turner. He had a great love of literature and languages, and acquired proficiency in Latin, Greek, Italian, and German. He was also fond of natural history, especially botany. He devoted attention in a special manner to cryptogamic botany, and published a valuable work on Fuci, illustrated by two hundred and fifty-eight coloured plates. He also was the author of a synopsis of British fuci, of a work on Irish mosses, entitled "Musculogiæ Hibernicæ Spicilegium;" and of another on lichens, "Lichenographia Britannica," of which, however, only one part was printed for private circulation. Along with Dillwyn he wrote "The Botanist's Guide through England and Wales." Turner also contributed various papers to the Transactions of the Linnæan Society, and he aided Sir James Smith in English Botany, Flora Britannica, and English Flora. Besides general literature, Turner studied and collected pictures, coins, and antiquities. For nearly sixty years he carried on an extensive literary and scientific correspondence. He was one of the last of the botanists of the old Linnæan school in Britain.—J. H. B.  TURNER,, professor of chemistry, was born in Jamaica, but was early removed for his education to England. He graduated as doctor of medicine at Edinburgh; and having determined to make chemistry the principal object of his study, he then went to Göttingen, and studied for two years under Professor Stromeyer. In 1824 he began to lecture in Edinburgh; and on the foundation of the London university in 1828, he was appointed professor of chemistry at that institution. His success as a teacher was remarkable, and was due not only to the extent of his knowledge, but to the singular amenity of his manners, and to the faculty of communicating information which he possessed in an eminent degree. He died at Hampstead of inflammation of the lungs on the 12th of February, 1837. Besides his "Elements of Chemistry," which was long the text-book of all teachers and students. Dr. Turner published a small treatise on the atomic theory, and several contributions to the Transactions of learned societies, of which he was a member.—R. H.  TURNER,, one of the nonjuring bishops, was son of Thomas Turner, a dean of Canterbury. He was educated at Winchester school, and New college, Oxford. In 1669 he was collated to the prebend of Smeating in St. Paul's, and in the following year he succeeded Dr. Gunning in the mastership of St. John's college, Cambridge. Soon after having been made dean of Windsor, he was raised (1683) to the bishopric of Rochester, and in the following year was translated to that of Ely. Turner strenuously opposed the policy of James II., and was one of the six bishops who, along with Archbishop Sancroft, were committed to the Tower for refusing to authorize the reading of his majesty's Declaration for liberty of conscience in their churches. He likewise refused allegiance to the new government established at the Revolution, and was in consequence first suspended from the exercise of his functions, and shortly after deprived of his bishopric. He passed the rest of his life in retirement, and died on the 2nd November, 1700. He was buried in the chancel of the parochial church of Therfield in Hertfordshire, where he had been rector. Turner was author of a "Vindication of the late Archbishop Sancroft and his Brethren, the rest of the deprived bishops, from the Reflections of Mr. Marshall in his Defence of our Constitution;" of "Animadversions on a Pamphlet entitled The Naked Truth" (these were answered by Andrew Marvel, under the name of Rivet); and of "Letters to the Clergy of his Diocese." It is not generally known that Turner wrote a life of Nicholas Ferrar, the friend of George Herbert. Extracts from this work were given by Dr. Dodd in the second volume of the Christian Magazine (1761), but the life itself was not published till 1829. It proceeded from the Bristol press, and is entitled "Brief Memoirs of Nicholas Ferrar, M.A., and Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, Founder of a Protestant Religious Establishment at Little Gidding, Huntingdonshire; collected from a Narrative by the Right Rev. Dr. Turner, bishop of Ely; now edited with Additions and Biographical Notices of some of Mr. Ferrar's Contemporaries: by a Clergyman of the Established Church." A second edition was published by Nisbet, London, in 1837. The second life of Ferrar, contained in the first part of the publication entitled Cambridge in the Seventeenth Century, is substantially the same with that of Turner, and is one of the most idiomatic and nervous pieces of narrative in the English tongue.  TURNER,, was an English soldier of fortune, bred in the civil wars, who earned an unenviable notoriety by his oppressive and cruel treatment of the Scottish covenanters during the times of the persecution. He at one time served in the covenanting army against Charles I., but afterwards became the unscrupulous tool of the Scottish privy council in carrying out their tyrannical measures against his former associates. He was intrusted with a commission to levy the fines imposed by the council for nonconformity, in the district of Dumfries and Galloway. In this capacity he used his authority in the most merciless manner, and reduced hundreds of families to beggary by his military quarterings and exactions of fines. The people were at length goaded into insurrection, and having taken up arms, made him prisoner, and then proceeded towards Midlothian, where they were defeated at Pentland Hills in 1666. "Sir James Turner," says Bishop Burnet, "was naturally fierce, but was mad when he was drunk, and that was very often. He was a learned man, but had always been in armies, and knew no other rule but to obey orders. He told me he had no regard to any laws, but acted as he was commanded in a military way." Sir James was the author of "Pallas Armata, or a treatise on the ordering of the Pike exercise;" and of "Memoirs of his own Life and Time," published by the Bannatyne Club.—J. T.  TURNER,, the prince of landscape painters, was born at No. 26 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, on the 23rd of April, 1775: the house, which stood at the corner of Hand Court, was pulled down in 1862 to make way for improvements. He was the son of William Turner and Mary Marshall, who were married at St. Paul's, Covent Garden, on the 29th of August, 1773. William Turner was a hairdresser, and of sufficient liberality of mind to allow his son to follow the bent of his genius, and even while a boy to prosecute at leisure his passion for drawing. It is owing to this fortunate circumstance that we find Turner admitted as an exhibitor to the Royal Academy, so early as his sixteenth year. He had become a student of the Academy in 1789; and in 1790 he exhibited a view of Lambeth palace, a water-colour drawing. <section end="457Zcontin" />