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TIT Tillet, finding he could not by any means get the wish that was nearest his heart accomplished, gave the world a description of his work under the title of "Le Parnasse Française," 1732; to which were added three supplements, the last published in 1760, containing lives and accounts of his poetical heroes. A bronze model of the Parnassus is deposited in the Bibliotheque du Roi. Besides the above-mentioned writings, Du Tillet was author of an "Essai sur les Honneurs et sur les Monuments accordés aux Savants pendant la suite des Siècles," Paris, 1734, 12mo. Another unsuccessful project of this generous-spirited but somewhat eccentric personage, is said to have been the introduction of jèux lodoïciens in imitation of the Olympic games. Du Tillet died on the 26th of December, 1762, at the advanced age of eighty-five.  TITSINGH, Isaac, an eminent civilian in the Dutch East India Company's service, was born at Amsterdam in 1740. After a residence of seventeen years in Batavia, he went to Japan as a supercargo in 1778. Returning to Batavia about eight years afterwards, he was created governor of the Dutch factory at Chandernagore. In 1794 he was appointed by the government of Batavia chief of the embassy sent to the court of Pekin, where he arrived in May, 1795. Shortly after this mission he returned to Holland after an absence in the East of more than thirty-one years. He had obtained a great amount of information relative to Japan; and he was acknowledged both by Chinese and Japanese to possess a knowledge of their manners and customs rare in a European. It was fully expected that Titsingh would publish an account of his observations in Japan, but he never did so. He died in February, 1812, and after his death his papers and collections were dispersed; only a portion of his manuscripts, maps, and curiosities was ultimately recovered. M. Nepven, who had purchased some of Titsingh's papers, published the substance of them in 1819; and next year M. Abel Remusat published another compilation from manuscripts which he had collected. An English translation of these two works was published by Frederick Schoberl in 1822.—W. J. P.  TITTMANN,, a distinguished German theologian, was born at Langensalza in 1773, studied at Wittenberg in 1788, and went to Leipsic in 1792. In 1796 he became professor extraordinary in the university of Leipsic in the philosophical faculty, and in 1800 in the theological. In 1805 he was appointed ordinary professor of theology. In 1818 he became professor primarius. His death took place on 31st December, 1831. Tittmann was deservedly influential and popular in the university of Leipsic, during his long official position in connection with it. His judgment was sound, and his acuteness considerable. He was simple in his habits, open, and honest. His writings are numerous, covering a wide field of knowledge. Indeed he spread himself over too many subjects to be profound in any. He published—"Grundriss der Elementarlogik," 1795; "Encyclopædie der theolog. Wissenschaften," 1798; "Theocles," 1799; "Ideen zur einer Apologie des Glaubens," 1799; "Theon," 1801; "Lebrbuch der Homiletik," 1804; "Pragmatische Geschichte der Theologie und Religion," u. s. w. 1801; an edition of Zonaras, 1808; "Institutio symbolica ad sententiam ecclesiæ evangelicæ," 1811; "Ueber Supranaturalismus, Rationalismus, und Atheismus," 1816; "Vercinigung der Evangelischen Kirchen," 1818; "Die evangelische Kirche, 1530 und 1830," 1830; "Libri symbolici," 1817; an edition of the Greek Testament, 1824; "De synonymis in Novo Testamento," 1832. "Opuscula varii argumenti," 1838, were published after his death.—S. D.  TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS. See.  TIZIANO. See.  TOALDO,, a man of science, born at Pianezze, a few miles from Bassano, 1719; died of apoplexy, November, 1797. Of his numerous works the following titles indicate a few—"Trigonometria plana e sferica, colle tavole trigonometriche;" "Saggio meteorologico della vera influenza degli astri sulle stagioni e mutazioni del tempo;" "Della maniera di difendere gli edifizii dal fulmine;" "La meteorologia applicata all' agricoltura;" "De æstu reciproco maris Adriatici" (in the Transactions of the London Royal Society, 1776); and twenty-five volumes of a "Meteorological Journal."—C. G. R.  TOBIN,, an English dramatist, the son of a merchant, was born at Salisbury in 1770. He displayed a predilection for dramatic studies and representations at a very early age; but his father, wishing him to follow the legal profession, placed him in the house of a London solicitor, where he eventually became a partner. Without trenching upon the time occupied by the law, Tobin found opportunity to write a number of comedies, which were severally called the "Faro Table," the "Undertaker," the "School for Authors;" the romantic dramas called the "Curfew" and the "Indians"—the latter of which was written in emulation of Sheridan, who had just dramatized Pizarro; and, chief of all, the comedy of the "Honeymoon," which was not produced until some weeks after the author's death, and which still retains possession of the stage. Tobin died 8th December, 1804. His Memoirs, by E. S. Benger, were published at Oxford in 1820.—F.  TOCQUEVILLE, , politician and political philosopher, was born at Verneuil in 1805. His mother was a grand-daughter of Malesherbes. His father, a peer and a prefect under the Restoration, was the author of two philosophical works on the history of France during the reigns of Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Alexis was educated at the college of Metz, and distinguished himself in French composition. Originally intended for the army, he studied for the bar, and in 1827 was appointed "juge auditeur" to the tribunal of Versailles, where his father was prefect, and where he had for colleague his lifelong friend, afterwards his biographer, Gustave de Beaumont. With the revolution of the three days France seemed to be drifting to democracy, and De Tocqueville felt a strong desire to inspect the workings of the purely democratic form of government established beyond the Atlantic. The subject of prison discipline was engaging the attention of jurists, and reference was frequently made to the penitentiary system of the United States. To attain their object of visiting America De Tocqueville and his friend De Beaumont proposed to the French government to cross the Atlantic on an official mission, and report on the prison discipline of the United States. Their offer was accepted, and in the May of 1831 they reached New York. After a stay of a year in the states they returned, and in 1832 appeared their joint work, "Du système penitentiaire aux Etats Unis," which condemned transportation, recommended local administration, and produced some important improvements in the penal discipline of France. Meanwhile he had both resumed and quitted his judicial functions. His friend De Beaumont had been dismissed for refusing his advocacy to a government prosecution which he thought discreditable, and De Tocqueville indignantly resigned. In January, 1835, appeared the first two volumes of his celebrated work, "La Democratic en Amérique," in which, with a constant reference to France, the workings of American democracy were explained and commented on, and both its dangers and the restraints imposed upon it by the constitution of the states and their social organization were indicated. The book produced a great impression, and on a visit to England in 1835, De Tocqueville was received with distinction. In the same year he married a young English lady, and in 1836, on the death of his mother, he entered into arrangements with his elder brothers which placed him in possession of the old family seat, the chateau De Tocqueville, not far from Cherbourg. In 1836 his work received the Montyon prize; in 1838 he was appointed a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences; in 1840 appeared the last volumes of his "Democracy in America;" and in 1841 he entered the French Academy itself. Two years before, in 1839, he had taken his seat in the chamber as deputy for the arrondissement of Valognes. He was not very eminent as an orator, but he gave valuable aid in elucidating questions of social and administrative reform; politically, he spoke and voted with the constitutional opposition. On the 27th of January, 1848, he delivered a remarkable speech, containing the prophetic expression, "We are slumbering on a volcano." After the revolution of February, he was sent by the department of La Manche to the constituent assembly where he combated socialism, and supported General Cavaignac, whose government he represented in October, 1848, at the conferences of Brussels, which had for their object the mediation of England and France between Austria and Sardinia. A member of the legislative assembly, he accepted from the prince-president, now emperor of the French, the portfolio of foreign affairs (June, 1849), and supported strenuously the policy of the expedition to Rome. He resigned after the celebrated presidential message of the 31st of October following, and went into opposition. He was one of the deputies who protested against the coup d'état, and suffered a short imprisonment, after which he retired into private life. His last work, an exposition of the state of France before 1789, "L'Ancien <section end="431Zcontin" />