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TIS TISCHBEIN, the name of two German painters of some distinction:—, known as the elder, was the son of a baker of Hayna, near Gotha, where he was born in 1722. He completed his studies as a painter under Charles Vanloo at Paris; he then visited Venice and Rome, imitating Piazzetta. He returned to Cassel in 1752, and was appointed painter to the landgrave. He died, in 1789, director of the academy of Cassel. Tischbein excelled in historical and mythological subjects, and his pictures are numerous, though they are chiefly confined to Cassel and its neighbourhood. They are well drawn and gaily coloured, after the taste of his masters, Vanloo and Piazzetta. One of his principal works is the "Resurrection of Christ," painted in 1763 for the church of St. Michael, Hamburg. , called the younger, was the nephew and pupil of the preceding, and was born at Hayna in 1751. After visiting many places, painting portraits and landscapes, he went to Rome in 1781, and there painted his celebrated picture of Conradin of Suabia, after he was sentenced to death, playing a game at draughts with Frederick of Austria. It is now in the palace of Pyrmont in Waldeck. In 1787 Tischbein went to Naples, and became director of the academy there in 1790, a post he held until the breaking out of the revolution in Naples in 1799, when he returned to Cassel. After his return to Germany he resided chiefly at Hamburg, and at Eutin in Oldenburg. He died in 1829. The younger Tischbein was a good painter, and excelled in representing animals; but he is chiefly known for his several important art-publications. In 1790, during his residence at Naples, he published, in two parts folio, "Têtes des différents animaux, dessinés d'après nature, pour donner une idée plus exacte de leurs caractères." The first plate is known as Tischbein's Laocoon, and represents a large snake destroying a lioness and her young in their den. In 1801-4, in Göttingen, he published his well-known work on Homer, with explanations by Heyne, "Homer, nach antiken gezeichnet," &c., the Homeric heroes being engraved by Raphael Morghen. He also made the two hundred and fourteen drawings for the great work of Sir William Hamilton on Greek vases, published at Naples in 1791, in 4 vols. folio, with text in French and English by Italinsky. A life of the elder Tischbein was published at Nürnberg in 1797 by J. F. Engelschall, entitled J. H. Tischbein als mensch und Künstler dargestellt.—(Füssli, Allgemeines Künstler Lexicon.)—R. N. W.  * TISCHENDORF, , the great continental critic, was born on the 18th January, 1815, at Lengenfeld in Saxony, where his father was a physician. He studied first at the gymnasium of Plauen, and then at the university of Leipsic. In 1840 he published his first critical edition of the New Testament, a small square 12mo, with a text formed to some extent after Lachmann's, and in 1859 appeared the seventh edition in 2 vols. 8vo. This last edition embodies all the latest results, with learned and extensive prolegomena, and makes a great advance on all similar preceding works. Between the first and second edition Tischendorf went to Paris, and in 1842 published three other editions. In Paris he was busily engaged on Codex C, or Codex Ephremi Syri rescriptus—the New Testament portion of which was published in 1843, and the Old Testament part in 1845, 4to, with uncial types and full prolegomena. In 1842, 1849, 1855, Tischendorf visited England, and three times also, in 1844, 1853, and 1859, he journeyed to the East, still in pursuit of critical materials. In 1843 the university of Breslau bestowed upon him the diploma of D.D. In 1849 he was appointed professor extraordinarius in the university of Leipsic, and in 1850, an honorary chair of scriptural palæography was created expressly for him. The results of his travels and researches have been given in various shapes to the world. In 1846 appeared "Monumenta sacra inedita;" and the same year appeared the Codex Frederico-Augustanus in lithographed facsimile, and containing fragments of the Septuagint; in 1849 "Evangelium Palatinum ineditum," fragment of the old Latin version; in 1850 and 1854, "Codex Amiatinus" of the Vulgate; in 1852, "Codex Claromontanus" of the Epistles; in 1855, "Anecdota sacra et profana," transcripts of various old MSS. of the scriptures. A new edition of "Monumenta sacra inedita" was begun in 1855, and is to extend to five volumes. During Tischendorf's last journey to the East, which was undertaken at the expense of the emperor of Russia, he discovered in the convent of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai a rare MS., which is now at St. Petersburg, and which he has named Codex Sinaiticus. It is reckoned by its discoverer to be the oldest extant, and it has been recently published in four large square folio volumes at the expense of the czar—Petropoli, 1862, auspiciis augustissimi Imperatoris Alexandri II. But this famous codex has not met with universal welcome, for the Russian archimandrite Porphyrius declares that it is a heretical text, favouring Docetic views; and what is stranger still, the notorious Dr. Simonides, in a letter to the London Guardian, 3rd September, 1862, affirms that himself, in the year 1840, wrote the codex with his own hand in a convent at Mount Athos, and gives a circumstantial account of the transaction. The statement of Simonides is not credited, though every one knows he has great skill in imitating ancient documents. The question is not settled. Tischendorf has also published "Acta Apostolorum Aprocrypha," in 1851; "Evangelia Apocrypha;" "Vetus Testamentum Græce," or Septuagint, in 1851; "Synopsis Evangelica," 1851; two volumes of Travels in the East, 1845-46; and a "Notitia, or account of the Codex Sinaiticus." Tischendorf's New Testament text is based on the authority of ancient MSS., but we have not space to describe his theory.—(See .)—J. E.  TISI or TISIO. See.  TISSAPHERNES, a Roman noble, was appointed by Darius II. to be governor of Lower Asia 414 ., and soon afterwards allied himself with Sparta, in order to conquer the Asiatic cities which were at that time under the protection of Athens. Tissaphernes continued for some time to balance the claims of Athens against Sparta, regarding all Greek states as hostile to Persia. On the revolt of Cyrus against his brother, Tissaphernes took part with Artaxerxes, and was present at Cunaxes, 401. He obtained as his reward the viceroyalty of Lower Asia, which had previously been granted to Cyrus. After various court intrigues, which may be read in Xenophon, Tissaphernes was put to death by an emissary from the king, 394 .—G.  TISSOT,, a Swiss physician, was born at Lausanne, in the Canton de Vaud, in 1728. He studied at Genoa and Montpellier, graduated at the latter city in 1749, and then settled at Lausanne. His writings on smallpox and inoculation; a dissertation which he published on an epidemic bilious fever which prevailed at Lausanne in 1755; and especially his work "Avis au peuple sur sa santé," published at Lausanne in 1761, a book which has been translated into most European languages, and of which ten editions were called for in six years; with several other medical publications, amongst which may be named the celebrated treatise on diseases arising from vicious habits, and his "Avis aux gens de lettres et aux personnes sédentaires sur leur santé"—procured him a European reputation. He refused offers of court appointments from several European monarchs, preferring to remain at Lausanne, where he held the professorship of medicine, and enjoyed a considerable practice and the esteem of his countrymen. However, in 1780 he accepted from the Emperor Joseph II. the professorship of clinical medicine in the university of Pavia. His success as a teacher in his new sphere appeared at first doubtful; but on the breaking out of a fever of a similar type to that which he had before treated in Switzerland, the Count de Formian, minister to the archduke, ordered that Tissot's directions should be implicitly followed during the epidemic. His success in its treatment was so great that the students celebrated the triumph of their master with fetes, and placed under the portico of the school a marble tablet, with an inscription commencing "Immortali præceptori." Tissot relinquished his professorship after a tenure of three years. Having amassed considerable wealth, he retired to a country seat which he had purchased, and spent the remainder of his days full of honour, and surrounded by his friends. He died on the 15th of June, 1797, at the age of sixty-nine. His merits were recognized by foreign courts and societies. He received from the Royal Society of London the honour of its fellowship. Although a protestant, he was treated with distinction by Pope Pius VI., who presented him with a set of gold medals struck during his pontificate. Tissot's works have been collected by J. N. Hallé in 11 vols., Paris, 1811. Besides his original treatises, he published in 1757 a translation of Haller's dissertations on sensation and irritability, and on the movement of the blood; and in 1779 he edited Morgagni de Sedibus et Causis Morborum, to which he prefixed an account of Morgagni's life and writings.—F. C. W.  * TITE,, M.P., F.R.S., President of the Institute of British Architects, was born in London in 1802. He was a 